Read the following passage and pick out any one of the prudential reasons
for powersharing offered in this
“We need to give more powers to the panchayats to realize the dream of
Mahatma Gandhi , and the hopes of the makers of our constitution. The
panchayat Raj establishes true democracy .It restores power to the only place
where power belongs in a democracy- in the hands of the people. Giving
power to Panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption, and increase
administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and
implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise
greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt
middlemen. Thus the Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundation of our
democracy”
Answers
Answer:
Textual questions
Write in brief
Q1) Write a note on:
(a) Guiseppe Mazzini:- Guiseppe Mazzini, an important architect (0ne who design) of the unification of Italy, was born in 1807 in Genoa. He was the prohphet of Italian nationalism He was always concerned about the fate of his country. This is evident from the fact that he used to dress in black garments to project himself as a mourner. He said that God had intended (planed) nations to be the natural units of mankind. In order to liberate his country from foreign rulers, he joined a revolutionary organization called Carbonari, a secret society formed in 1810 mainly by the charcoal burners of Italy to attempt a revolution in his native state of Liguria. However, the attempt failed, and Mazzini was arrested and imprisoned. After his release, While in exile he founded a new organization called “Young Italy”. The organization was named “Young Italy” because Mazzini firmly believed in the potential of youth. . It aimed to liberate his country from foreign rule and bring its unification through the education of young men. He appealed to the youth through his writings and speeches and established branches of “young Italy” in every nook and corner of the country. The young Italy began to attract thousands of young Italians who were prepared to give sacrifice of their lives for the cause of liberation and unification of their country. Though Mazzini and his “young Italy” failed to achieve unification, yet they had filled the minds of the people with such sentiments that other patriots were able to achieve the unification of Italy without much difficulty.
(a) Count Camillo de-Cavour:- Count Cavour, an important liberator of Italy belonged to an aristocratic family of Sardinia. Moved by the defeat of Sardinia at the hands of the Austria, Cavour decided to work for the unification of Italy. In 1848 he urged the king victor Emmuuel II to take the lead in liberating Italy from the Austrian control. When he got elected to the Assembly, he made eloquent (fluent) speeches aimed to improve the state affairs in Sardinia and piedmont. The king was deeply impressed by him and appointed him as the Chief Minister in 1852. After realizing the fact that the kingdom of Sardinia and piedmont was a small power. He thought that to achieve the goal of liberation of Italy, two things were essential first to build up a strong army, second, the assistance of a foreign power to defeat Austria. So, he entered into a diplomatic alliance with France and succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
(b) The Greek war of independence:- Greece had been under the control of the ottoman
Empire since the 15th century. Greeks were subjected to heavy taxation and Turkish law courts did not protect the Greeks against injustice. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe mobilized the Greeks to struggle for independence. So, the Greek war of independence was started in 1821. Nationalists in Greece were supported by the educated elite of Europe. Due to Greek classical heritage, there was a tremendous sympathy for the Greek cause throughout Europe The scholars and artists praized Greece as they considered it as the „cradle of European civilization. Thus in 1829, France, England, Russia etc supported Greek to defeat sultan of Turkey and forced him to sign the treaty of Adrianople in 1829 A.D. Ultimately Greece was recognized as an independent nation in 1832 through the treaty of Constantinople.
(d) Frankfurt Parliament: The 1848 French revolution inspired the middle class Germans to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state to be governed by an elected parliament. In May 1848, 831 elected representatives of German Confederacy came together in the city of Frankfurt. They assembled in the church of St. Paul & drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarch subject to parliament (Constitutional monarchy). This was an attempt of the liberals to unify the German states. However, the Frankfurt assembly failed because Friedrich Wilhelm, the King of Prussia rejected the offer to act as the emperor of Germany. He was joined by the other monarchs to suppress the liberals. The assembly came to an end in May, 1849.
Answer:
Guiseppe Mazzini:- Guiseppe Mazzini, an important architect (0ne who design) of the unification of Italy, was born in 1807 in Genoa. He was the prohphet of Italian nationalism He was always concerned about the fate of his country. This is evident from the fact that he used to dress in black garments to project himself as a mourner. He said that God had intended (planed) nations to be the natural units of mankind. In order to liberate his country from foreign rulers, he joined a revolutionary organization called Carbonari, a secret society formed in 1810 mainly by the charcoal burners of Italy to attempt a revolution in his native state of Liguria. However, the attempt failed, and Mazzini was arrested and imprisoned. After his release, While in exile he founded a new organization called “Young Italy”. The organization was named “Young Italy” because Mazzini firmly believed in the potential of youth. . It aimed to liberate his country from foreign rule and bring its unification through the education of young men. He appealed to the youth through his writings and speeches and established branches of “young Italy” in every nook and corner of the country. The young Italy began to attract thousands of young Italians who were prepared to give sacrifice of their lives for the cause of liberation and unification of their country. Though Mazzini and his “young Italy” failed to achieve unification, yet they had filled the minds of the people with such sentiments that other patriots were able to achieve the unification of Italy without much difficulty.
(a) Count Camillo de-Cavour:- Count Cavour, an important liberator of Italy belonged to an aristocratic family of Sardinia. Moved by the defeat of Sardinia at the hands of the Austria, Cavour decided to work for the unification of Italy. In 1848 he urged the king victor Emmuuel II to take the lead in liberating Italy from the Austrian control. When he got elected to the Assembly, he made eloquent (fluent) speeches aimed to improve the state affairs in Sardinia and piedmont. The king was deeply impressed by him and appointed him as the Chief Minister in 1852. After realizing the fact that the kingdom of Sardinia and piedmont was a small power. He thought that to achieve the goal of liberation of Italy, two things were essential first to build up a strong army, second, the assistance of a foreign power to defeat Austria. So, he entered into a diplomatic alliance with France and succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
(b) The Greek war of independence:- Greece had been under the control of the ottoman
Empire since the 15th century. Greeks were subjected to heavy taxation and Turkish law courts did not protect the Greeks against injustice. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe mobilized the Greeks to struggle for independence. So, the Greek war of independence was started in 1821. Nationalists in Greece were supported by the educated elite of Europe. Due to Greek classical heritage, there was a tremendous sympathy for the Greek cause throughout Europe The scholars and artists praized Greece as they considered it as the „cradle of European civilization. Thus in 1829, France, England, Russia etc supported Greek to defeat sultan of Turkey and forced him to sign the treaty of Adrianople in 1829 A.D. Ultimately Greece was recognized as an independent nation in 1832 through the treaty of Constantinople.
(d) Frankfurt Parliament: The 1848 French revolution inspired the middle class Germans to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state to be governed by an elected parliament. In May 1848, 831 elected representatives of German Confederacy came together in the city of Frankfurt. They assembled in the church of St. Paul & drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarch subject to parliament (Constitutional monarchy). This was an attempt of the liberals to unify the German states. However, the Frankfurt assembly failed because Friedrich Wilhelm, the King of Prussia rejected the offer to act as the emperor of Germany. He was joined by the other monarchs to suppress the liberals. The assembly came to an end in May, 1849.