Question

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow :
COFFEE-HEALTHY BODY AND MIND
The idea that coffee is bad for heart pops up periodically. It was found that regularly drinking very strong coffee could sharply increase cholesterol levels. Researchers even isolated fat like chemicals, cafestol and kahweol, responsible for the rise.
It turned out that the European brewing method—boiling water sits on the coffee grounds for several minutes before straining—produces high concentrations cafestol and kahweol. By contrast, the filter and percolation methods remove all but a trace of these chemicals. Moreover, the studies involved large amounts of coffee—five to six cups a day. Moderate coffee drinkers drink only two cups.
Research has also shown that regular, moderate coffee drinking does not dangerously raise blood pressure. And studies have failed to substantiate fears that coffee might trigger abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) in healthy people.
"For heart disease, I think the issue is closed," says Meir Stampfer, an epidemiologist at Harvard who has studied many aspects of coffee and health. "Coffee drinking at reasonable levels is unrelated to heart risk."
Evidence suggests that coffee may help fend off Parkinson's disease. A 30 year study of 8,000 Japanese-American men found that avid coffee drinkers had one-fifth the risk of those who didn't drink the brew.
Scientists at Massachusetts General Hospital, USA, found indirect evidence that Caffeine the habit forming stimulant in coffee—may actually combat Parkinson's. The caffeine seemed to protect mice brain cells from depletion of the nerve chemical dopamine—the problem underlying Parkinson's in humans. However, these are preliminary findings; human studies have not consistently supported caffeine's protective role.
The studies on coffee and cancer have focussed on three organs—and are reassuring. You may remember a brief coffee scare in the early 1980s when a single study linked coffee with pancreatic cancer. A false alarm : Many studies since then have shown that the association is either extremely weak or non-existent.
If there's a connection between coffee and bladder cancer, it possibly applies just to coffee junkies. A re-analysis of ten European studies found an increased risk only among people who drank ten or more cups a day. And studies show that coffee seems to have no adverse influence on the risk of colon cancer.
Caffeine is such a powerful stimulant that the International Olympic Committee and the National Collegiate Athletic Association set limits on how much can remain in the blood during competition. In addition to boosting physical endurance, caffeine increases alertness and improves mood. The buzz may come at a price, though people who drink more than they're used to may become restless and unable to sleep. Moreover, it is possible to become physically dependent on caffeine in days.
The question now arises : how much to drink ? Those with heatburn and anxiety may want to see if cutting back coffee improves their condition. For most people, however, there's virtually no risk in consuming up to three normal cups a day. Harvard's Stampfer tries to keep his coffee drinking irregular enough to avoid habituation : "That way, I can get a buzz when I feel like it." —Reader's Digest (adapted)
2.1 Answer the following questions briefl
(a) In what respect does coffee harm human heart ? How ?
(b) What is the finding of latest researches about coffee and human heart ?
(c) What problem causes Parkinson's disease ? What is the role of coffee in this respect ?
(d) 'Caffeine is a powerful stimulant.' What are the positive and negative effects of caffeine ?
2.2 Find the word which convey similar meanings as:
(i) separated (Para 1
(ii) drug that increases physical or mental activity and alertness (Para 6, 9
(iii) feeling of pleasure or excitement (Para 9, 10
(iv) Keenly interested (Para 5).

Answer 1

(A) (a) With the entry of many players in the aviation industry, pollution has reached the sky. Moreover, the problem of delayed arrival and departure will also intensify.
(b) The inefficiencies in the air and on the ground caused by the system mean wastage of fuel and excessive CO2.
(c) Every minute saved from a flight plan means fuel saved and carbon emission averted.
(d) FAA’s long term plan is to replace the current US radar based air traffic-control system with one that operates using satellites and a global positioning system.
(B) (e) (iii) emission
(f) (i) averted
(g) (ii) viable
(h) (i) rotate

Answer 2

The answers are as following:

Explanation:

(a) It was found that regularly drinking of very strong coffee could increase cholesterol levels because of chemicals. like cafestol and kahweol, responsible for the rise.

• coffee might trigger abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and blood pressure in healthy people.

(b) Research also shown that regular, moderate coffee drinking does not dangerously raise blood pressure and studies have failed to substantiate fears that coffee might trigger abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) in healthy people.

(c) Depletion of nerve chemical known as dopamine is the problem underlying Parkinson disease.

• The caffeine in coffee protects the brain from depletion of nerve chemical responsible for Parkinson disease

(d) Caffeine is a powerful stimulant that can boost physical endurance, caffeine increases alertness and improves mood.

• People who drink more than the required amount may become restless and unable to sleep. Moreover, it is possible to become physically dependent on caffeine in days.

2.2 The words which convey similar meaning are as following:

(i) Filtered

(ii) caffeine

(iii) Anxiety

(iv) 30 year study

#SPJ2