Read the passage and answer questions below:
…., nearly all ‘new social movements’ have emerged as corrective to
new maladies – environmental degradation, violation of the status of
women, destruction of tribal cultures and the undermining of human
rights – none of which are in and by themselves transformative of the
social order. They are in that way quite different from revolutionary
ideologies of the past. But their weakness lies in their being so heavily
fragmented. …… …. …….a large part of the space occupied by the new social movements seem to be suffering from .. various characteristics
which have prevented them from being relevant to the truly oppressed
and the poor in the form of a solid unified movement of the people. They
are too fragmented, reactive, ad hocish, providing no comprehensive
framework of basic social change. Their being anti-this or that (anti-
West, anti-capitalist, anti-development, etc) does not make them any
more coherent, any more relevant to oppressed and peripheralized
communities. — RAJNI KOTHARI
(a) What is the difference between new social movements and
revolutionary ideologies?
(b) What according to the author are the limitations of social
movements?
(c) If social movements address specific issues, would you say that
they are ‘fragmented’ or that they are more focused? Give reasons
for your answer by giving examples.
Answers
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Answer:
(A) The new social movements do not hold the potential to bring about social transformation. Instead, they have given rise to new maladies such as violation of women, degradation of environment etc. On the other hand, revolutionary ideologies of the past held the potential to bring about social justice, equality and change.
(B) According to the author, the limitations of social movements are that they do not hold the potential to bring about social transformation. Instead, they have given rise to new maladies such as violation of women, degradation of environment etc. At the same time, they are fragmented. They are irrelevant to the oppressed sections of the society. Their stance that is anti-capitalist or anti-development does not do much for the less empowered sections of the society.
(C) Yes, social that address specific issues are fragmented since they hane no particular ideology or framework to follow to bring about change. Exmaples includes the Dalit Panthers or anti arrack movement.