Read the passage carefully:
1 India is surrounded by water bodies on three sides yet we face water shortage every year! Consider this-
the per capita water availability in India was 3,450 cu m in 1951. By 2025 the annual per capita availability of
water is expected to fall drastically from the current 1800 cu m per person to 1200-1500 cu m.
2 Mumbai’s demand for water is expected to rise to 7,950 MLD by 2011.the current supply is around 3100
MLD –already a substantial shortfall as the city receives only 2,500 MLD, the balance lost on account of
leakages and pilferage .Delhi Jal Board is able to supply only around 650 million gallons of water per day
against the demand of 750.
3 According to a World Bank study of 27 Asian cities with population of over 1,000,000, Kolkata is the fourth
worst performing metro in terms of water availability per day.
4 The quality of available water is also fast deteriorating. In 1982 it was reported that 70 percent of all
available water in India polluted. The situation is much worse today. The over –extraction of groundwater
has led to salt intrusion into coastal aquifers. It has also resulted in problems of excessive fluoride, iron,
arsenic and salinity in water affecting about 44 million people in India. Groundwater is facing an equally
serious threat from contamination
By industrial effluent and faecal matter as well as pesticides and fertilisers from farm run-offs.
5 Unless priority is given quickly to creating an infrastructure to assure availability of water, there may be no
water to meet the agriculture, domestic and industrial needs of a population that has tripled in 50 years to
one billion.
6 Water management is therefore a major challenge for town for planners, builders and architects today,
not just I terms of availability of water ,but, most importantly, in terms of its quality.
7 As water shortage increases, alternative sources of water supply are gaining importance. These include
sewage recycle, rainwater harvesting, generating water from humidity in the atmosphere, etc. Water for
uses such as drinking, bathing, cooking and laundry,
8 Rajesh Sharma, managing director, Ion Exchange Ltd, opines,” population, industrialisation and pollution
are putting pressure on our limited fresh water resources. There is a limit to increasing water supply because
we are running out of sources and the cost of additional facilities is prohibitive .Moreover, as industry which
pays heavily for the water it uses, recycles more and more of it, it will be increasingly difficult for
municipalities to find the money for subsidy. Sewage recycle would help reduce infrastructural costs on
public supply pipelines. The best way to solve water scarcity, therefore, is conserving water and recycle it
wherever possible. Recycling must be made mandatory for all new projects – industrial or domestic. It
should be promoted for existing buildings also.
9 “Apart from priority to watershed development, rainwater harvesting and water recycle, another area we
need to address is optimising use of water through drip irrigation.
(a) Make notes on the passage in a suitable format. Use recognisable abbreviations wherever necessary. Give a
suitable title.
(b) Write a summary of the passage based on yours notes.
Please Don't Spam !
Answers
Note-making and summary.
Explanation:
a. Note Making.
Title: Scarcity of Water in India.
Notes:
I. Water availability condition
i. per capita in India- 3,450 cu m (1951)
ii. drastically fall to 1800 cu m (current)
iii. expected to reduce further to 1200-1500 cu m (2025)
II. Demand for water
i. Mumbai's dmnd expected to rise more than triple: 7,950 MLD (by 2011)
ii. crrntly receives 3100 MLD
iii. Delhi receives only 650 MGPD agnst the demand of 750.
iv. Kolkata being at the 4th no. in terms of water avlblty.
III. Quality of available water
i. fast dtrtng
ii. over-extrctn of grnd water
iii. led to salt intrusion into coastal acquifers
iv. excssv fluoride, iron, arsenic and salinity
IV. Factors leading to water pollution
i. industrial effluent
ii. faecal matter
iii. pesticides and fertilizers running off from farms.
V. Ways to improve conditions
i. Water mngmnt needs to be chllngd
ii. alternate water sources:
- sewage recycle
- rainwater hrvstng
- generating water from hmdty
iii. effective and ecnml solution to conserve wtr
VI. Position of Rajesh Sharma, MD, Ion Exc. Ltd.
i. ppltn, indstrlstn, and pltn putting pressure on limited water resources
ii. cost of additional fclts is prohibitive
iii. Sewage recycle would help
iii. opines conservng water and recycle whrvr possible.
iv. recycling to be mandated for all dmstc and industrial prjcts
v. optmsng use of water in agrcltr via irrigation
b. Summary:
Water availability in India is getting worse notably in metro cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata. The quality of water is getting declining due to salt intrusion into coastal acquifiers, industrial effluent, faecal matters, etc. This is leading to 70 per cent of water being polluted.
The managing director of Ion Exchange Ltd, Rajesh Sharma, shares his point of view suggesting that water availability needs to be prioritized by sewage recycle, conserving water, mandating domestic and industrial projects to recycle water, etc.
Learn more:
Note making
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How to write note making?!
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Answer:
please can u tell me from which book u have asked this question