Question

Read the passage on goats, grazing and global warming and answer the questions that
follow.

Goats, grazing and global warming

I remember how I first learnt about global warming. It was in the late 1980s. We quickly
learnt to look beyond trees, at ways to deepen democracy, so these commons —in India,
forests are mostly owned by government agencies, but it is the poor who use them—could be
regenerated. It became clear that without community participation, afforestation was not
possible.
Who is polluting more, the rich or the poor? Data released by the World Resources Institute,
a prestigious US research institution, argued that it was the poor who contributed
substantially to global warming—they did "unsustainable" things like growing rice or
keeping animals. Some state governments issued circulars asking to prevent people from
keeping animals. People were foxed, and outraged. It seemed absurd. We had been arguing
since quite a while that the poor were victims of environmental degradation. Here they were
now, complete villains.
The world needed to differentiate between the emissions of the poor—from subsistence
paddy cultivation or animal rearing—and that of the rich—from, say, cars. Survival
emissions weren't, and couldn't be equivalent to luxury emissions. Managing a global
common meant cooperation between countries. As a stray cattle or goat is likely to chew up
saplings in the forest, any country could blow up the agreement if it emitted beyond what the
atmosphere could take. Cooperation was only possible—and this is where our experience
with forest issues came in handy—if benefits were distributed equally.
We then developed the concept of per capita entitlements—each nation's share of the
atmosphere—and used the property rights of entitlement to set up rules of engagement that
were fair and equitous. We said that countries using less than their share of the atmospheric
space could trade their unused quota and this would give them the incentive to invest in
technologies that would not increase their emissions. But in all this, as we told climate
negotiators, think of the local forest and learn that the issue of equity is not a luxury. It is a
prerequisite. (330 words)
1. ‘Without community participation, afforestation was not possible.’ Why?
a. Because the forests and lands are used by people.
b. Because the forest belongs to the government.
c. Because the forests and lands are owned by people.

d. Because the government could not do much.
2. Why was it argued that it was the poor who contributed substantially to global
warming?
a. The poor own polluting factories.
b. Because it is the poor who grows rice or rears animals.
c. Because the poor needed to eat more.
d. Because the poor own lands.
3. Why were people foxed, and outraged?
a. On seeing the government circular for preventing people from keeping animals.
b. On the argument that people cultivating rice and reading animals are the cause of
pollution.
c. On seeing poor people as villains
d. On seeing the poor as victims.
4. What are survival emissions?
a. Keeping animal and cars.
b. Keeping cars and air conditioners.
c. Excessive use of soil.
d. Keeping animals and cultivating rice like crops
5. The author says, ‘It is a prerequisite.’ What is the prerequisite?
a. Fair and equitable sharing of responsibility between the poor and the rich on
environment protection.
b. Fair and equitable sharing of responsibility on water sharing between the rich and the
poor.
c. Equal responsibility of the rich and poor in protecting the forests.
d. Water sharing and distribution.
6. An example of survival emission is _____________.
a. cultivation of rice.
b. using cars.
c. using air conditioner during the hot summer.
d. using lots of imported cosmetics.
7. An example of luxury emission is___________.
a. using public transport.
b. eating rice like products.
c. using cars.
d. All the above.
8. Which word in the passage means ‘largely’?
a. Substantially
b. Scarcely
c. Survival
d. emissions
9-10: Which word means the nearest to the given word.
9. SEARCH

a. look
b. lost
c. reveal
d. find
10. PROLIFIC
a. plenty
b. scant
c. spare
d. young
11 – 12: Which word means the opposite of the given word?
11. Sustain
a. suspect
b. keep up
c. quit
d. support
12. Ancient
a. novel
b. well-known
c. usual
d. unique

Answer 1

Answer:

1.b

2.b

3.a

4.d

5.a

6.a

7.c

8.a

9.d

10.a

11.c

12.b

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