Question

reference of automatic machine​

Answer 1

atting:

References employ different journal stylesheets or do not follow any stylesheet,

Labeling should be very precise: performance should be close (or better) those of a ‘human labeler’. In case this could not be achieved, the software should provide user with a confidence score. The quality of a digital library depends on the quality of metadata that allow field-based search, citation analysis, cross-linking and so on,

References can be written in different languages,

References contain some misspellings,

Entries may be ambiguous (for example, searching for papers from ‘Williams Patrick’ in Google Scholar retrieve several papers: a) ‘Colonial discourse [...]’ published in 1996, b) ‘Mariage tsigane […]’ (gipsy wedding) published in 1984, c) ‘A randomized trial of group outpatient visits[…]: the Cooperative Health Care Clinic’ published in 1997; we can assume that they correspond to different authors with the same name),

Sometimes, one must refer to other references in order to complete them or else references are grouped together,

References may be located anywhere in papers: in the body of the text, at the end of the paper and in footnotes.