'Religion during the medieval period of Indian history was characterised by a combination of supreme devotion
to God and a liberal approach.' Analyse this statement in the light of your understanding of the chapter.
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Answers
The History of India was first comprehensively studied by the British colonialists. Earlier, there was no serious attempt made, even by the indigenous people to study the Indian history. Resultantly, several Indians accepted the colonialists' version of the Indian history. A utilitarian colonialist. James Mill was the first to attempt to periodise the Indian history. His division of Indian past into the Hindu civilisation, Muslim civilisation and British period prevails to this day.
The use of the terms ancient, medieval, and modern in new periodisation was thought of being the substitutes of the previous terms. Therefore, the characteristics of changelessness and despotism, which James Mill and others had established, seemed to be still continuing in different Avatars. Therefore, a need arose to delineate post-Gupta/pre-modern period, which is believed to be a period with numerous characteristics that are distinct from the ancient period.
Consequently, the term 'Early medieval' became widely acknowledgeable for signifying those distinct characteristics. Thus, the term 'early medieval' denotes the intermediate period between the ancient and medieval. Therefore, after establishing 'early medieval' as a chronological phase, the need is to signify the relevant historical processes of this phase.
These historical processes are expressed through several interpretations. These interpretations are linked to important issues such as perspectives of the nature of Indian culture and civilisation, and the basis on which continuity and change in history should be identified.
Various dominant schools that debate on this issue are the Imperialist school that promulgated the Oriental Despotism and Asiatic Mode of Production (AMP). Another school is that of Nationalist scholars, who promoted the Indian Historical Model. Other important contributing models are that of the Marxist's, Indian Feudalism Model of R. S. Sharma and the Segmentary State Model of Burton Stein. The Integrative State Model of B. D. Chattopadhyaya is also one of the dominant models that has tried to determine the nature of the state in the early medieval India
Influenced by the colonial and imperial ideology, the first model was the AMP proposed by the early Marxist historians. This model argued that the entire system of production in India was that of Oriental Despotism, where the society was largely unchanging and the various caste and Vama equations had remained highly static. This period was marked by a state of external warfare and internal exploitation of the village communities
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