Question

report at least three important incidents that have occurred and in conclusion highlight your views about the incident

Answer 1

Here is your answer.
Road traffi c crashes occur on all continents, in
every country of the world. Every year they take
the lives of more than a million people and inca-
pacitate many millions more. Pedestrians, users of
non-motorized vehicles – including bicycles, rick-
shaws and carts – and motorcyclists in low-income
and middle-income countries carry a large pro-
portion of the global burden of road traffi c death
and serious injury. The elderly, children and the
disabled are particularly vulnerable.
Despite the growing burden of road traffi c inju-
ries, road safety has received insuffi cient attention
at both the international and national levels. The
reasons include lack of general awareness and spe-
cifi c information on the scale of the problem, on
the health, social and economic costs of road traffi c
crashes, and on the interventions that can prevent
crashes or reduce the harm they cause.
Another reason is that the problem of road traffic
crashes and injuries does not “belong” to any spe-
cific agency, either at national or international levels.
Instead, responsibility for dealing with the various
aspects of the problem – including the design of vehi-
cles, the design of road networks and roads, urban
and rural planning, the introduction and enforce-
ment of road safety legislation, and the care and treat-
ment of crash survivors – is divided among many dif-
ferent sectors and groups. There has usually been no
leader to ensure that they coordinate their efforts and
address the problem as a whole. In this environment,
it is not surprising that political will has frequently
been lacking to develop and implement effective road
safety policies and programmes.
Main messages from the report
This report, the first joint report between WHO
and the World Bank on the topic, presents the cur-
rent knowledge about road traffi c injuries and the
actions that need to be taken in order to tackle the
problem. The following are some of the report’s
key messages:
• Any road traffi c system is highly complex and
hazardous to human health. Elements of the
system include motor vehicles, roads and road
users, and their physical, social and economic
environments. Making a road traffi c system
less hazardous requires a “systems approach”
– understanding the system as a whole and
the interaction between its elements, and
identifying where there is potential for inter-
vention. In particular, it requires recognition
that the human body is highly vulnerable to
injury and that humans make mistakes. A safe
road traffi c system is one that accommodates
and compensates for human vulnerability and
fallibility.
• Road traffi c injuries are a huge public health
and development problem, killing almost
1.2 million people a year and injuring or
disabling between 20 million and 50 million
more. Both WHO and World Bank data show
that, without appropriate action, these inju-
ries will rise dramatically by the year 2020,
particularly in rapidly-motorizing countries.
Not only is 90% of the current burden borne
by low-income and middle-income coun-
tries, but the increase in casualty rates will
be greatest in these countries. Although data
on the costs of road traffi c crashes are sparse,
particularly from low-income and middle-
income countries, it is clear that the economic
impact of these injuries on individuals, fami-
lies, communities and nations is enormous,
costing countries between 1% and 2% of their
gross national product. In addition, there is
the heavy and tragic burden on those directly
affected, both physically and psychologically

— For injury severity, the risk factors include the
non-use of seat-belts, child restraints and
crash helmets; lack of “forgiving” vehicle
fronts to protect pedestrians in a collision;
roadside infrastructure that is unprotective
in a crash; and human tolerance factors.
— For post-crash injury outcomes, the risk factors
include delays in detecting a crash and
providing life-saving measures and psy-
chological assistance; lack of or delayed
emergency care on the spot and transport
to a health facility; and the availability and
quality of trauma care and rehabilitation.

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