report on Environment degration due to improve disposal of garbage
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Solid waste generation is a continually growing problem at global, regional and local levels due to rapid industrialization, urbanization and rise in living standards of people. Solid wastes are those organic and inorganic waste materials produced by various activities of the society, which have lost their value to the first user. A society receives energy and raw material as inputs from the environment and gives solid waste as output to the environment. In the long-term perspective, such an input-output imbalance degrades the environment (Ramachandra and Bachamanda, 2007).
MSW generation in India is increasing due to increasing urbanization, increasing population and changing lifestyle. The MSW generation in India is about 90 million tonnes per year. The per capita increase in MSW generation is projected at a rate of 1-1.33 % annually (Seema and Anju, 2010; Singhal and Pandey, 2001). With increasing population of 3-3.5% per annum, the yearly waste generation is expected to increase by 5 %.Waste Processing Techniques
Non-engineered disposal
This is the most common method of disposal. In many Indian cities, open, uncontrolled and poorly managed dumping is commonly practiced, giving rise to serious environmental degradation. More than 90% of solid waste in cities and towns are directly disposed off on land in an unsatisfactory manner (Sharholy et al. 2008).
Sanitary Land filling
Sanitary landfill is a fully engineered disposal option, which avoids harmful effects of uncontrolled dumping by spreading, compacting and covering the wasteland that has been carefully engineered before use. It also isolates the refuse, minimizing the amount of surface water entering into and gas escaping from the waste, it appears that landfilling would continue to be the most widely adopted practice in India in the coming few years, during which certain improvements will have to be made to ensure the sanitary landfilling (Kansal, 2002).
Composting
Composting is a biological process of decomposition carried out under controlled conditions of ventilation, temperature, moisture and organisms in the waste themselves that convert waste into humus-like material by acting on the organic portion of the solid waste. Many large-scale compost plants with capacities of ranging from 150 to 300 tonnes/day were set up in the cities of Bangalore, Baroda, Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Jaipur and Kanpur (Sharholy et al. 2008). Now, about 9% of solid waste is treated by composting. (Gupta et al. 2007; Srivastava et al. 2005).
Incineration
In incineration, combustible waste is burned at temperatures high enough (900-10000C) to consume all combustible material, leaving only ash and noncombustible to dispose off in a landfill. Under ideal conditions, incineration may reduce the volume of waste by 75% to 95%. In Indian cities, incineration is generally limited to hospital and other biological wastes. This may be due to the high organic material (40-60%), high moisture content (40-60%) and low calorific value content (800-1100 Kcal/Kg) in solid waste. In modern incineration facilities, smokestacks are fitted with special devices to trap pollutants, but the process of pollutant abatement is expensive (Botkin and Keller, 2000).
Pyrolysis
In pyrolysis, the chemical constituents and chemical energy of some organic wastes is recovered by destructive distillation of the solid waste. It is a form of incineration that chemically decomposes organic materials at high temperature in the absence of oxygen. Organic materials are transformed into gases, small quantities of liquid, and a solid residue containing carbon and ash (Rajput et al. 2009).
Reuse and recycling of waste materials
Recycling is the reprocessing of discarded materials into new useful product. The process of reusing of cans can save money. Recycling of paper will reduce of cutting of trees. Reuse of metals will reduce the mining activities. In India about 40-80% of plastic waste is recycled compared to 10-15% in the developed nations of the world. However the recovery rate of paper was 14% of the total paper consumption, while the global recovery rate was higher at 37% (CPCB 2004; Pappu et al. 2007).
The Policy of 4R’s
Refuse - Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are in the house. Refuse to buy new items though you may think they are prettier than the ones you already have.
Reuse - Do not throw away the soft drink cans or the bottles; cover them with homemade paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small vases.
Recycle - Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which can be used over and over again. Segregate waste to make sure that it is collected and taken for recycling.
Reduce - Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g. carry your own shopping bag when you go to the market and put all your purchases directly into it (Rajput et al. 2009).
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