Question

revision of cell structure and function​

Answer 1

Cells provide structure and support to the body of an organism. The cell interior is organised into different individual organelles surrounded by a separate membrane. The nucleus (major organelle) holds genetic information necessary for reproduction and cell growth.

Answer 2

Answer:

ᴄᴇʟʟ:

➞ᴛʜᴇ sᴍᴀʟʟᴇsᴛ sᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴜʀᴀʟ ᴀɴᴅ ғᴜɴᴄᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ᴜɴɪᴛ ᴏғ ᴀɴ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍ, ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ɪs ᴛʏᴘɪᴄᴀʟʟʏ ᴍɪᴄʀᴏsᴄᴏᴘɪᴄ ᴀɴᴅ ᴄᴏɴsɪsᴛs ᴏғ ᴄʏᴛᴏᴘʟᴀsᴍ ᴀɴᴅ ᴀ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs ᴇɴᴄʟᴏsᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴀ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ.

➞ᴀʟʟ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs ᴀʀᴇ ᴍᴀᴅᴇ ᴏғ sᴍᴀʟʟᴇʀ ᴘᴀʀᴛs ᴄᴀʟʟᴇᴅ ᴏʀɢᴀɴs.

➞ᴏʀɢᴀɴs ᴀʀᴇ ᴍᴀᴅᴇ ᴏғ sᴛɪʟʟ sᴍᴀʟʟᴇʀ ᴘᴀʀᴛs. ᴛʜᴇ sᴍᴀʟʟᴇsᴛ ʟɪᴠɪɴɢ ᴘᴀʀᴛ ᴏғ ᴀɴ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍ ɪs ᴀ 'ᴄᴇʟʟ'. ᴄᴇʟʟs ᴡᴇʀᴇ ғɪʀsᴛ ᴏʙsᴇʀᴠᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴄᴏʀᴋ ʙʏ ʀᴏʙᴇʀᴛ ʜᴏᴏᴋᴇ ɪɴ 1665.

➞ᴄᴇʟʟs ᴇxʜɪʙɪᴛ ᴠᴀʀɪᴇᴛʏ ᴏғ sʜᴀᴘᴇs ᴀɴᴅ sɪᴢᴇs. ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ᴏғ ᴄᴇʟʟs ᴀʟsᴏ ᴠᴀʀɪᴇs ғʀᴏᴍ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍ ᴛᴏ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍ.

➞sᴏᴍᴇ ᴄᴇʟʟs ᴀʀᴇ ʙɪɢ ᴇɴᴏᴜɢʜ ᴛᴏ ʙᴇ sᴇᴇɴ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴛʜᴇ ᴜɴᴀɪᴅᴇᴅ ᴇʏᴇ. ʜᴇɴ's ᴇɢɢ ɪs ᴀɴ ᴇxᴀᴍᴘʟᴇ.

sᴏᴍᴇ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs ᴀʀᴇ sɪɴɢʟᴇ-ᴄᴇʟʟᴇᴅ, ᴡʜɪʟᴇ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀs ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀɪɴ ʟᴀʀɢᴇ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ᴏғ ᴄᴇʟʟs.

ᴛʜᴇ sɪɴɢʟᴇ ᴄᴇʟʟ ᴏғ ᴜɴɪᴄᴇʟʟᴜʟᴀʀ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs ᴘᴇʀғᴏʀᴍs ᴀʟʟ ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴀsɪᴄ ғᴜɴᴄᴛɪᴏɴs ᴘᴇʀғᴏʀᴍᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴀ ᴠᴀʀɪᴇᴛʏ ᴏғ ᴄᴇʟʟs ɪɴ ᴍᴜʟᴛɪ ᴄᴇʟʟᴜʟᴀʀ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs.

ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇʟʟ ʜᴀs ᴛʜʀᴇᴇ ᴍᴀɪɴ ᴘᴀʀᴛs,

(ɪ) ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇʟʟ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ,

(ɪɪ) ᴄʏᴛᴏᴘʟᴀsᴍ ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀɪɴs sᴍᴀʟʟᴇʀ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏɴᴇɴᴛs ᴄᴀʟʟᴇᴅ ᴏʀɢᴀɴᴇʟʟᴇs, ᴀɴᴅ

(ɪɪɪ) ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs.

ᴄᴇʟʟ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ:

➞ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴀsɪᴄ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏɴᴇɴᴛ ᴏғ ᴀ ᴄᴇʟʟ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʏᴛᴏᴘʟᴀsᴍ ᴀɴᴅ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs ᴀʀᴇ ᴇɴᴄʟᴏsᴇᴅ ᴡɪᴛʜɪɴ ᴄᴇʟʟ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ. ᴛʜᴇʀᴇ ɪs ᴀɴ ᴏᴜᴛᴇʀ ᴛʜɪᴄᴋ ʟᴀʏᴇʀ ɪɴ ᴄᴇʟʟs ᴏғ ᴘʟᴀɴᴛs ᴄᴀʟʟᴇᴅ ᴄᴇʟʟ ᴡᴀʟʟ.

ᴄʏᴛᴏᴘʟᴀsᴍ:

➞ᴛʜᴇ ᴊᴇʟʟʏ-ʟɪᴋᴇ sᴜʙsᴛᴀɴᴄᴇ ᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛ ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇʟʟ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs. ᴠᴀʀɪᴏᴜs ᴏʀɢᴀɴᴇʟʟᴇs ᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʏᴛᴏᴘʟᴀsᴍ ᴀʀᴇ:

• (ɪ) ᴍɪᴛᴏᴄʜᴏɴᴅʀɪᴀ
• (ɪɪ) ᴘʟᴀsᴛɪᴅs (ᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛ ᴏɴʟʏ ɪɴ ᴘʟᴀɴᴛ ᴄᴇʟʟ)
• (ɪɪɪ) ᴇɴᴅᴏᴘʟᴀsᴍɪᴄ ʀᴇᴛɪᴄᴜʟᴜᴍ (ᴇʀ)
• (ɪᴠ) ʀɪʙᴏsᴏᴍᴇ
• (ᴠ) ʟʏsᴏsᴏᴍᴇs
• (ᴠɪ) ᴠᴀᴄᴜᴏʟᴇ
• (ᴠɪɪ) ɢᴏʟɢɪ ʙᴏᴅʏ
• (ᴠɪɪɪ) ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴏsᴏᴍᴇ (ᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛ ᴏɴʟʏ ɪɴ ᴀɴɪᴍᴀʟ ᴄᴇʟʟ).

ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs:

➞ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs ɪs sᴇᴘᴀʀᴀᴛᴇᴅ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴄʏᴛᴏᴘʟᴀsᴍ ʙʏ ᴀ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ. ɪᴛ ɪs ɢᴇɴᴇʀᴀʟʟʏ sᴘʜᴇʀɪᴄᴀʟ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇʟʟ.

ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ:

➞ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs ɪs sᴇᴘᴀʀᴀᴛᴇᴅ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʏᴛᴏᴘʟᴀsᴍ ʙʏ ᴀ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ ᴄᴀʟʟᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ.

ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴏʟᴜs:

➞ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀɪɴs ᴀ sᴛɪʟʟ sᴍᴀʟʟᴇʀ ʀᴏᴜɴᴅ ʙᴏᴅʏ ᴋɴᴏᴡɴ ᴀs ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴏʟᴜs.

ᴄʜʀᴏᴍᴏsᴏᴍᴇs:

➞ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀɪɴs ᴛʜʀᴇᴀᴅ-ʟɪᴋᴇ sᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴜʀᴇs ᴄᴀʟʟᴇᴅ ᴄʜʀᴏᴍᴏsᴏᴍᴇs. ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ᴄᴀʀʀʏ ɢᴇɴᴇs ᴀɴᴅ ʜᴇʟᴘ ɪɴ ɪɴʜᴇʀɪᴛᴀɴᴄᴇ ᴏʀ ᴛʀᴀɴsғᴇʀ ᴏғ ᴄʜᴀʀᴀᴄᴛᴇʀ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴀʀᴇɴᴛs ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏғғ sᴘʀɪɴɢs

➞ᴄᴇʟʟs ᴡɪᴛʜᴏᴜᴛ ᴡᴇʟʟ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴇᴅ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴜs, ɪ.ᴇ. ʟᴀᴄᴋɪɴɢ ɴᴜᴄʟᴇᴀʀ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ, ᴀʀᴇ ᴄᴀʟʟᴇᴅ ᴘʀᴏᴋᴀʀʏᴏᴛɪᴄ ᴄᴇʟʟs.

➞ᴘʟᴀɴᴛ ᴄᴇʟʟs ᴅɪғғᴇʀ ғʀᴏᴍ ᴀɴɪᴍᴀʟ ᴄᴇʟʟs ɪɴ ʜᴀᴠɪɴɢ ᴀɴ ᴀᴅᴅɪᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ʟᴀʏᴇʀ ᴀʀᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇʟʟ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇ ᴛᴇʀᴍᴇᴅ ᴄᴇʟʟ ᴡᴀʟʟ.

➞ᴄᴏʟᴏᴜʀᴇᴅ ʙᴏᴅɪᴇs ᴄᴀʟʟᴇᴅ ᴘʟᴀsᴛɪᴅs ᴀʀᴇ ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʟᴀɴᴛ ᴄᴇʟʟs ᴏɴʟʏ. ɢʀᴇᴇɴ ᴘʟᴀsᴛɪᴅs ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀɪɴɪɴɢ ᴄʜʟᴏʀᴏᴘʜʏʟʟ ᴀʀᴇ ᴄᴀʟʟᴇᴅ ᴄʜʟᴏʀᴏᴘʟᴀsᴛs.

➞ᴘʟᴀɴᴛ ᴄᴇʟʟ ʜᴀs ᴀ ʙɪɢ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴀʟ ᴠᴀᴄᴜᴏʟᴇ ᴜɴʟɪᴋᴇ ᴀ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ᴏғ sᴍᴀʟʟ ᴠᴀᴄᴜᴏʟᴇs ɪɴ ᴀɴɪᴍᴀʟ ᴄᴇʟʟs.

sɪᴢᴇ ᴏғ ᴄᴇʟʟs:

➞ᴛʜᴇ sɪᴢᴇ ᴍᴀʏ ʙᴇ ᴀs sᴍᴀʟʟ ᴀs ᴀ ᴍɪʟʟɪᴏɴᴛʜs ᴏғ ᴀ ᴍᴇᴛʀᴇ ᴏʀ ᴍᴀʏ ʙᴇ ᴀs ʟᴀʀɢᴇ ᴀ ғᴇᴡ ᴄᴇɴᴛɪᴍᴇᴛʀᴇs. sɪᴢᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴇʟʟs ʜᴀs ɴᴏ ʀᴇʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴛʜᴇ sɪᴢᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴏᴅʏ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀɴɪᴍᴀʟ ᴏʀ ᴘʟᴀɴᴛ. ɪᴛ ɪs ʀᴇʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ɪᴛs ғᴜɴᴄᴛɪᴏɴ.