Rise Of Nationalism in Europe explained.
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Answer:
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Explanation:
The Making of German and Italy
Germany – can the Army be the Architect of a National
1. After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and
revolution.
2. This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as
nation-states.
3. Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans.
4. This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces
of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia.
5. Prussia took on the leadership of the movement.
6. Three wars overseen years-with Austria, Denmark, and France-ended in Prussian victory
and completed the process of unification.
7. The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian
state power.
8. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and
judicial systems in Germany.
Italy Unified:
1. Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
2. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national
Habsburg Empire.
3. Italy was divided into seven states.
4. Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.
5. Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian
Republic.
6. Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals.
7. The failure of revolutionary uprising both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now
fell on Sadinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian
states through war.
8. Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.
9. Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
10. Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were high, remained blissfully
unaware of liberal-nationalist ideology.
The strange case of Britain:
1. The model of the nation or the nation-state, some scholars have argued, is Great Britain.
2. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process.
3. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
4. ‘United Kingdom of great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its
influence on Scotland.
5. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.
6. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
7. British flag, the national anthem, the English language – were actively promoted and the
older nations survived only as subordinate partners on this union.
Visualising the Nation:
1. While it was easy enough to represent a ruler through a portrait or a statue.
2. In other words they represented a country as if it were a person.
3. Nations were then portrayed as a female figure.
4. The female figures became an allegory of the nation.
5. Christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of people’s
nation.
Nationalism and Imperialism:
1. By the quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic
liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but became a narrow creed
with limited ends.
2. The most serious source of nationalists tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called
the Balkans.
3. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation.
4. One by one its European subjects nationalities broke away from its control and declared
independence.
5. The Balkan area became an era of intense conflict.
6. The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the
expense of each other.
7. But the idea that societies should be organized into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as
natural and universal
These are Notes for Revision.
and if you want to study whole ch you may read from book
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