Rise of regional movements
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Answer:
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Explanation:
The recent States Assembly Elections in five states of India indicate that Indian voters are becoming more region-centric. In three states - West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala - people have rejected national level parties, opting instead for regional ones. The BJP-led alliance succeeded in Assam while the Congress-led coalition won in Puducherry.
Today, out of India's 29 states, the Indian National Congress (INC) led alliances have six states and BJP led coalitions are in nine states. The rest 14 are ruled by regional parties. As of 2015, the Election Commission of India recognises only six national parties, 62 state parties and 1,737 registered but unrecognised parties in federal India. Among the six national parties, only two have presence all over India – the Congress and BJP. The four other national parties are basically state parties – the CPI, CPI(M), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and National Congress Party (NCP), although they have contested national elections from more than one state.
Since the Partition of 1947, Congress has had total sway over the political scenario of India until 1996. There were of course two brief interruptions – once from 1977-79 by Janata Party (Morarji Desai) and again from 1989-90 by the Janata Dal (V.P. Singh). The turning point in Indian election politics came in 1996.
The 1996 general election produced a fractured verdict for the 11th Lok Sabha, when for the first time BJP dethroned Congress and A.B. Vajpayee became the prime minister for 13 days. After BJP failed to pass a confidence motion, 13 regional parties formed the United Front that lasted two years. Since 1996, all central governments in Delhi have been coalition governments, either led by Congress or by BJP. Clearly, the days of a single party forming the government at the centre was over, and coalition governments became the order of the day.
INC's struggle for independence, its socialistic economic orientation, secularism and its non-aligned foreign policy had lasted in people's mind for the first three decades after independence. As India consolidated its place in the comity of nations, people's aspirations for development overtook the sense of nationalism and gave into provincial aspirations. And as the Cold War receded in the early 1990s and globalisation undermined India's socialistic policies, Congress started to lose its appeal among the vast population of India. Besides, the litany of scandals and allegations of corruption also played a role in people's disenchantment with Congress. Currently, the party is in doldrums, continuing to carry the baggage of the Nehru dynasty.
The conservative right-wing BJP came into being in 1980 with close ideological and organisational links to the Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Bajrang Dal. BJP has since used the “Hindutva” (Hindu nationalism) ideal to capture the imagination of India's 80 percent Hindu population. Since the 1984 national election, BJP enlarged its vote share and also increased its number of seats in the Lok Sabha and made inroads at the state level. In 1998, it finally rode to power at the centre, riding piggyback on several regional parties.
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