RNA interference is a mechanism of gene regulation in eukaryotes. Arrange the steps by which RNAi carries out gene regulation in the correct order.
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✔✔ RNA interference (RNAi) was coined to describe a cellular mechanism that use the gene's own DNA sequence of gene to turn it off, a process that researchers call silencing.
✔✔ In a wide variety of organisms, including animals, plants, and fungi, RNAi is triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).
✔✔ During RNAi, long ds RNA is cut or "diced" into small fragments 21 nucleotides long by an enzyme called "Dicer".
✔✔ These small fragments, referred to as small interfering RNAs (siRNA), bind to proteins from a special family: the Argonaute proteins.
✔✔ After binding to an Argonaute protein, one strand of the dsRNA is removed, leaving the remaining strand available to bind to messenger RNA target sequences according to the rules of base pairing: A binds U, G binds C, and vice versa.
✔✔ Once bound, the Argonaute protein can either cleave the messenger RNA, destroying it, or recruit accessory factors to regulate the target sequence in other ways.
✔✔ RNAi is widely used by researchers to silence genes in order to learn something about their function.
✔✔ siRNAs can be designed to match any gene, can be manufactured cheaply, and can be readily administered to cells.
✔✔ One can now order commercially synthesized siRNAs to silence virtually any gene in a human or other organism's cell, dramatically accelerating the pace of biomedical research.
✔✔ Furthermore, the ability to turn off expression of a single gene makes RNAi an appealing therapeutic approach to treat infectious diseases or genetic disorders, such as those that result from the inappropriate and undesirable activity of a gene, as in many cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. There are currently several clinical trials testing the safety and effectiveness of siRNA drugs.
✔✔ RNAi is much more than a research tool. RNAi encompasses an array of ancient and sophisticated cellular mechanisms that regulate a variety of biological functions.
✔✔ Argonaute proteins bind many naturally occurring small RNAs to defend against transposable elements, maintain chromosome structure and stability, and regulate developmental timing and differentiation.
✔✔ For example, microRNAs represent a natural form of developmentally important siRNAs. Like RNAs, micro RNAs are made by Dicer, but microRNA derive from single-stranded RNAs that fold back on themselves to generate small regions of double-stranded RNA so called "stem-loops" instead of the long double-stranded RNA that produces siRNAs.
✔✔ microRNAs can guide Argonaute proteins to repress messenger RNAs that match the miRNA incompletely, allowing one microRNA to regulate hundreds of genes.
✔✔ Humans make more than 500 distinct microRNAs, and the inappropriate production of specific microRNAs has been linked to several diseases. Drugs to inhibit disease-causing microRNAs are now being tested as therapies for several human diseases.
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RNA interference is the mechanism of gene silencing or gene regulation in eukaryotes.
in case if a virus attack on cell.
As we know that mostly viruses have ds-RNA.
⚡⚡ Transcription occurs only in one strand .
So it reverses the polarity of strand so that it will be easy to transcript both strands.
⚡⚡Now it become double standard DNA.
(DICER) an enzyme it cut double-stranded dna into small fragments.
⚡⚡Now the siRNA i.e small interfering rna, convert that ds -rna of virus into ss-rna and store it to use it as a memory .
Here enzyme (Risc) is used.
⚡⚡ When further that virus attack then this ss-rna (stored) become complimentary to its rna ... Which acts as a foreign agent for cell and get destroyed.
I tried to explain as much as i can...
Hope it will help you.
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