Role of acyl homolactone serine in quorum sensing in bacteria
Answers
ɴ-ᴀᴄʏʟ-ʟ-ʜᴏᴍᴏsᴇʀɪɴᴇ ʟᴀᴄᴛᴏɴᴇs (ᴀʜʟs) ᴀʀᴇ sʏɴᴛʜᴇsɪᴢᴇᴅ ʙʏ ɢʀᴀᴍ-ɴᴇɢᴀᴛɪᴠᴇ ʙᴀᴄᴛᴇʀɪᴀ. ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ϙᴜᴏʀᴜᴍ-sᴇɴsɪɴɢ ᴍᴏʟᴇᴄᴜʟᴇs ᴘʟᴀʏ ᴀɴ ɪᴍᴘᴏʀᴛᴀɴᴛ ʀᴏʟᴇ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏɴᴛᴇxᴛ ᴏғ ʙᴀᴄᴛᴇʀɪᴀʟ ɪɴғᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴ ᴀɴᴅ ʙɪᴏғɪʟᴍ ғᴏʀᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴀʟsᴏ ᴀʟʟᴏᴡ ᴄᴏᴍᴍᴜɴɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ ᴍɪᴄʀᴏᴏʀɢᴀɴɪsᴍs ᴀɴᴅ ᴇᴜᴋᴀʀʏᴏᴛɪᴄ ᴄᴇʟʟs (ɪɴᴛᴇʀ-ᴋɪɴɢᴅᴏᴍ sɪɢɴᴀʟʟɪɴɢ). ʜᴏᴡᴇᴠᴇʀ, ᴠᴇʀʏ ʟɪᴛᴛʟᴇ ɪs ᴋɴᴏᴡɴ ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇɴᴛɪʀᴇ ᴍᴇᴄʜᴀɴɪsᴍ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴏsᴇ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛɪᴏɴs. ᴘʀᴇᴄɪsᴇ sᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴜʀᴀʟ sᴛᴜᴅɪᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ʀᴇϙᴜɪʀᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴀɴᴀʟʏsᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅɪғғᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ᴀʜʟ ɪsᴏᴍᴇʀs ᴀs ᴏɴʟʏ ᴏɴᴇ ғᴏʀᴍ ɪs ʙɪᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟʟʏ ᴍᴏsᴛ ᴀᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ. ᴛʜᴇᴏʀᴇᴛɪᴄᴀʟ sᴛᴜᴅɪᴇs ᴄᴏᴍʙɪɴᴇᴅ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴇxᴘᴇʀɪᴍᴇɴᴛᴀʟ ɪɴғʀᴀʀᴇᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ʀᴀᴍᴀɴ sᴘᴇᴄᴛʀᴏsᴄᴏᴘɪᴄ ᴅᴀᴛᴀ ᴀʀᴇ ᴛʜᴇʀᴇғᴏʀᴇ ᴜɴᴅᴇʀᴛᴀᴋᴇɴ ᴛᴏ ᴄʜᴀʀᴀᴄᴛᴇʀɪsᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴏʙᴛᴀɪɴᴇᴅ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏᴜɴᴅs. ᴛᴏ ᴍɪᴍɪᴄ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛɪᴏɴs ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ ᴀʜʟ ᴀɴᴅ ᴄᴇʟʟ ᴍᴇᴍʙʀᴀɴᴇs, ᴡᴇ sᴛᴜᴅɪᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴsᴇʀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴀʜʟ ɪɴ sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛᴇᴅ ʟɪᴘɪᴅ ʙɪʟᴀʏᴇʀs, ᴜsɪɴɢ ᴠɪʙʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ sᴜᴍ-ғʀᴇϙᴜᴇɴᴄʏ-ɢᴇɴᴇʀᴀᴛɪᴏɴ sᴘᴇᴄᴛʀᴏsᴄᴏᴘʏ. ᴅᴇᴜᴛᴇʀɪᴜᴍ-ʟᴀʙᴇʟʟᴇᴅ ᴀʜʟs ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴛʜᴜs sʏɴᴛʜᴇsɪᴢᴇᴅ. sᴛᴀʀᴛɪɴɢ ғʀᴏᴍ ʀᴇᴀᴅɪʟʏ ᴀᴠᴀɪʟᴀʙʟᴇ ᴅᴇᴜᴛᴇʀᴀᴛᴇᴅ ғᴀᴛᴛʏ ᴀᴄɪᴅs, ᴀ ᴛᴡᴏ-sᴛᴇᴘ ᴘʀᴏᴄᴇᴅᴜʀᴇ ᴛᴏᴡᴀʀᴅs ᴅᴇᴜᴛᴇʀᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɴ-ᴀᴄʏʟ-ʟ-ʜᴏᴍᴏsᴇʀɪɴᴇ ʟᴀᴄᴛᴏɴᴇs ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴠᴀʀʏɪɴɢ ᴄʜᴀɪɴ ʟᴇɴɢᴛʜs ɪs ᴅᴇsᴄʀɪʙᴇᴅ. ᴛʜɪs ɪɴᴄʟᴜᴅᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴄʏʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴍᴇʟᴅʀᴜᴍ's ᴀᴄɪᴅ ғᴏʟʟᴏᴡᴇᴅ ʙʏ ᴀᴍɪᴅᴀᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴀᴅᴅɪᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟʟʏ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴅᴇᴛᴀɪʟᴇᴅ ᴀɴᴀʟʏᴛɪᴄᴀʟ ᴇᴠᴀʟᴜᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʀᴏᴅᴜᴄᴛs ɪs ᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛᴇᴅ ʜᴇʀᴇɪɴ.
Answer:
A quorum is a minimum level of interest or attendance required before an official meeting or action can take place. Companies often stipulate the quorum required among shareholders to make decisions, spelled out in the corporate charter.