Role of news papers in Indian freedom struggle.
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The following acts were formulated by the British Government to curb press:
Censorship of Press Act, 1799
Licensing Regulations, 1823
Press Act of 1835 or Metcalfe
Licensing Act, 1857
Registration Act, 1867
Vernacular Press Act, 1878
Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908
Indian Press Act, 1910
James Augustus Hickey is considered the father of Indian press. He started the Bengal Gazette in the year 1780. But it was seized in the year 1872 as it was critical of the British Government. With the increasing number of newspapers, the government became accountable. Therefore, it brought into action several acts in order to suppress the press. Freedom of the press was of utmost importance as it was a powerful tool to propagate political ideas. In 1824, Raja Rammohan Roy had protested against a resolution restricting the freedom of the press. The early phase of the nationalist movement, from around 1870 to 1918, focussed more on political propaganda and education, formation and propagation of nationalist ideology, training, mobilisation and consolidation of public opinion.
Many newspapers emerged during these years under distinguished and fearless journalists. These included The Hindu and Swadesamitran under G. SubramaniyaAiyar, The Bengalee under Surendranath Banerjee, Voice of India under DadabhaiNaoroji, Amrita Bazar Patrika under Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh, Indian Mirror under N.N. Sen, Kesari (in Marathi) and Maharatta (in English) under BalgangadharTilak, Sudharak under Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Hindustan and Advocate under G.P. Verma.
The main aim of these newspapers was not to make profit but to serve the public. In fact, these newspapers had a wide reach and they stimulated the popular library movement. The impact of this movement was not limited to cities and towns; these newspapers also reached remote villages, where each news item and editorial would be read and discussed thoroughly in local libraries. Thus libraries enabled not only political education but also political participation.
In these newspapers, government acts and policies were put to thorough scrutiny. They acted as an institution of opposition to the Government. The Government on its part had enacted many strident laws to curb the newspapers, such as Section 124 A of the Indian Penal Code which said that anyone trying to cause disaffection against the British Government in India was to be transported for life or imprisoned for any term.
But journalists evolved clever strategies to subvert these legal hurdles. For instance, pieces critiquing the Government were prefaced with sentiments of loyalty to the very Government or critical writings of socialists or Irish nationalists from newspapers in England would be quoted. This was a difficult task which required an intelligent mix of simplicity with subtlety.
The Indian newspapers became highly critical of Lord Lytton’s administration, especially regarding its inhuman treatment to victims of the famine of 1876-77. The Government struck back with the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. The Vernacular Press Act (VPA) was formulated to ‘better control’ the vernacular press and effectively repress seditious writing.
In 1883, Surendranath Banerjee became the first Indian journalist to be imprisoned. In an angry editorial in The Bengalee, Banerjee criticised a judge of the Calcutta High Court for being insensitive to the religious sentiments of Bengalis in one of his judgements. BalgangadharTilak was most frequently associated with the nationalist fight for the freedom of press.
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Censorship of Press Act, 1799
Licensing Regulations, 1823
Press Act of 1835 or Metcalfe
Licensing Act, 1857
Registration Act, 1867
Vernacular Press Act, 1878
Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908
Indian Press Act, 1910
James Augustus Hickey is considered the father of Indian press. He started the Bengal Gazette in the year 1780. But it was seized in the year 1872 as it was critical of the British Government. With the increasing number of newspapers, the government became accountable. Therefore, it brought into action several acts in order to suppress the press. Freedom of the press was of utmost importance as it was a powerful tool to propagate political ideas. In 1824, Raja Rammohan Roy had protested against a resolution restricting the freedom of the press. The early phase of the nationalist movement, from around 1870 to 1918, focussed more on political propaganda and education, formation and propagation of nationalist ideology, training, mobilisation and consolidation of public opinion.
Many newspapers emerged during these years under distinguished and fearless journalists. These included The Hindu and Swadesamitran under G. SubramaniyaAiyar, The Bengalee under Surendranath Banerjee, Voice of India under DadabhaiNaoroji, Amrita Bazar Patrika under Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh, Indian Mirror under N.N. Sen, Kesari (in Marathi) and Maharatta (in English) under BalgangadharTilak, Sudharak under Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Hindustan and Advocate under G.P. Verma.
The main aim of these newspapers was not to make profit but to serve the public. In fact, these newspapers had a wide reach and they stimulated the popular library movement. The impact of this movement was not limited to cities and towns; these newspapers also reached remote villages, where each news item and editorial would be read and discussed thoroughly in local libraries. Thus libraries enabled not only political education but also political participation.
In these newspapers, government acts and policies were put to thorough scrutiny. They acted as an institution of opposition to the Government. The Government on its part had enacted many strident laws to curb the newspapers, such as Section 124 A of the Indian Penal Code which said that anyone trying to cause disaffection against the British Government in India was to be transported for life or imprisoned for any term.
But journalists evolved clever strategies to subvert these legal hurdles. For instance, pieces critiquing the Government were prefaced with sentiments of loyalty to the very Government or critical writings of socialists or Irish nationalists from newspapers in England would be quoted. This was a difficult task which required an intelligent mix of simplicity with subtlety.
The Indian newspapers became highly critical of Lord Lytton’s administration, especially regarding its inhuman treatment to victims of the famine of 1876-77. The Government struck back with the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. The Vernacular Press Act (VPA) was formulated to ‘better control’ the vernacular press and effectively repress seditious writing.
In 1883, Surendranath Banerjee became the first Indian journalist to be imprisoned. In an angry editorial in The Bengalee, Banerjee criticised a judge of the Calcutta High Court for being insensitive to the religious sentiments of Bengalis in one of his judgements. BalgangadharTilak was most frequently associated with the nationalist fight for the freedom of press.
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The following acts were formulated by the British Government to curb press:
Censorship of Press Act, 1799
Licensing Regulations, 1823
Press Act of 1835 or Metcalfe
Licensing Act, 1857
Registration Act, 1867
Vernacular Press Act, 1878
Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908
Indian Press Act, 1910
James Augustus Hickey is considered the father of Indian press. He started the Bengal Gazette in the year 1780. But it was seized in the year 1872 as it was critical of the British Government. With the increasing number of newspapers, the government became accountable. Therefore, it brought into action several acts in order to suppress the press.
Freedom of the press was of utmost importance as it was a powerful tool to propagate political ideas. In 1824, Raja Rammohan Roy had protested against a resolution restricting the freedom of the press. The early phase of the nationalist movement, from around 1870 to 1918, focussed more on political propaganda and education, formation and propagation of nationalist ideology, training, mobilisation and consolidation of public opinion.
Many newspapers emerged during these years under distinguished and fearless journalists. These included The Hindu and Swadesamitran under G. SubramaniyaAiyar, The Bengalee under Surendranath Banerjee, Voice of India under DadabhaiNaoroji, Amrita Bazar Patrika under Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh, Indian Mirror under N.N. Sen, Kesari (in Marathi) and Maharatta (in English) under BalgangadharTilak, Sudharak under Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Hindustan and Advocate under G.P. Verma.
The main aim of these newspapers was not to make profit but to serve the public. In fact, these newspapers had a wide reach and they stimulated the popular library movement. The impact of this movement was not limited to cities and towns; these newspapers also reached remote villages, where each news item and editorial would be read and discussed thoroughly in local libraries. Thus libraries enabled not only political education but also political participation.
In these newspapers, government acts and policies were put to thorough scrutiny. They acted as an institution of opposition to the Government. The Government on its part had enacted many strident laws to curb the newspapers, such as Section 124 A of the Indian Penal Code which said that anyone trying to cause disaffection against the British Government in India was to be transported for life or imprisoned for any term.
But journalists evolved clever strategies to subvert these legal hurdles. For instance, pieces critiquing the Government were prefaced with sentiments of loyalty to the very Government or critical writings of socialists or Irish nationalists from newspapers in England would be quoted. This was a difficult task which required an intelligent mix of simplicity with subtlety.
The Indian newspapers became highly critical of Lord Lytton’s administration, especially regarding its inhuman treatment to victims of the famine of 1876-77. The Government struck back with the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. The Vernacular Press Act (VPA) was formulated to ‘better control’ the vernacular press and effectively repress seditious writing.
In 1883, Surendranath Banerjee became the first Indian journalist to be imprisoned. In an angry editorial in The Bengalee, Banerjee criticised a judge of the Calcutta High Court for being insensitive to the religious sentiments of Bengalis in one of his judgements. BalgangadharTilak was most frequently associated with the nationalist fight for the freedom of press.
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