Role of visualisation in rise nationalism in europe
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In the mid-eighteenth-century Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity.
The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
A landed aristocracy dominated Europe socially and politically.
Compared to this small group of aristocracy, the majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
With industrialisation, new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.
It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.
For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.
Economically, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
A New Conservatism after 1815
After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.
Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved.
On the other hand many did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
Hosted by Duke Metternich, the delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.
The Revolutionaries
After 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground.
Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.