Question

rules of converting direct to indirect speech

Answer 1

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Answer 2

• Punctuations are to be removed.

• The pronouns of the direct speech are changed wherever necessary, so that their relations with the reporter and his hearer, rather than with the original speaker, are indicated.

• Tense change:

1) A simple present becomes a simple past;

2) A present continous becomes a past continous;

3) A present perfect becomes a past perfect.

4) The 'shall' of the future tense is changed into 'should'.

5) The 'will' of the future tense is changed into 'would' or 'should'.

• Introduction of reporting verb:

1) According to the quotes if it is an assertive use ‘said’ (for quotes of presidents and higher cadets use told)

2) If it is an interrogative use ‘asked’.

3) If it is an exclamatory use ‘exclaimed’.

4) It is an request, order or suggestion use ‘requested’, ‘ordered’ or ‘suggested’ respectively.

• Introduction of 'that':

Only if the reporting verb is ‘said’, ‘told’, etc. and not for things like ‘asked’.

• Introduction of 'if’ or ‘whether':

If the words in the quotes are interrogative and yes/no type questions, use ‘if’ or ‘whether’ depending on whether the situation is informal (if) or formal (whether).

• Words expressing nearness in time or place are generally changed into words expressing distance. For instance, now becomes then, ago becomes before, tomorrow becomes the nest day and last night becomes the night before.

The tenses may not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal truth.