Safer construction practices disasters
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Transformation of soil from a solid state to a liquid state as a consequence of increased pressure and differential settlement of footings is known as soil liquefaction.
The features to be considered at the stage of architectural planning and structural design of buildings for protection against earthquakes are:
. a) Building configuration
b) Foundation
c) Control on openings in walls
d) Reinforced concrete bands in masonry buildings.
e) Vertical reinforcement.
Protection measures against floods are:
i) Residing on river banks and slopes on river banks should be avoided.
ii) Buildings should be built at 250 metres away from the sea coast/river banks.
iii) To build proper drainage system in all flood prone areas.
iv) To construct the whole village or settlement on a raised platform higher than the high flood level.
v) To construct the building with a plinth level higher than the known high flood level.
The measures adopted to control land degradation in different areas of our country are:
i) Soil erosion in hilly areas can be checked by construction of terraces for farming.
ii) Plugging of gullies by construction of check dams.
iii) A forestation can control soil erosion on slopes.
iv) In arid areas preparation of shelter belts of plants control over - grazing by animals and growing thorny bushes to stabilize the sand dunes.
v) In semi-arid areas, moistures conservation, weed control and proper management of waste land.
vi) Control of mining activities are some of the methods to curb land degradation.
. Industries cause water pollution by:
i) The industrial effluents that are discharged into rivers. They are both organic and inorganic.
ii) The principal industries which create water pollution are paper pulp, textiles, chemical, petroleum, tannery, etc.
The damaging effects of earthquakes on the ground are
i) Soil failures such as liquefaction and landslides caused by shaking.
ii) Tidal waves (Tsunami) i.e. large waves on the surface of water bodies, that can cause major damage to shoreline areas.
Two facts which should be borne in mind while selecting a site for a building in coastal areas are:
i) To build at least 250 metres away from the sea coast.
ii) Where houses can be built with a plinth level higher than the known high flood level.
Ground movements caused by earthquakes can have several types of damaging effect such as:
a) Soil failures such as liquefaction and landslides caused by shaking.
b) Tidal waves ( Tsunamis ) i.e. large waves on the surface of water bodies that can cause major damage to shoreline areas.
c) Surface fault ruptures such as cracks, vertical shifts, general settlement f an area, etc.
d) Ground shaking i.e., back and forth motion of the ground, caused by the passing vibratory waves through the ground
The features to be considered at the stage of architectural planning and structural design of buildings for protection against earthquakes are:
. a) Building configuration
b) Foundation
c) Control on openings in walls
d) Reinforced concrete bands in masonry buildings.
e) Vertical reinforcement.
Protection measures against floods are:
i) Residing on river banks and slopes on river banks should be avoided.
ii) Buildings should be built at 250 metres away from the sea coast/river banks.
iii) To build proper drainage system in all flood prone areas.
iv) To construct the whole village or settlement on a raised platform higher than the high flood level.
v) To construct the building with a plinth level higher than the known high flood level.
The measures adopted to control land degradation in different areas of our country are:
i) Soil erosion in hilly areas can be checked by construction of terraces for farming.
ii) Plugging of gullies by construction of check dams.
iii) A forestation can control soil erosion on slopes.
iv) In arid areas preparation of shelter belts of plants control over - grazing by animals and growing thorny bushes to stabilize the sand dunes.
v) In semi-arid areas, moistures conservation, weed control and proper management of waste land.
vi) Control of mining activities are some of the methods to curb land degradation.
. Industries cause water pollution by:
i) The industrial effluents that are discharged into rivers. They are both organic and inorganic.
ii) The principal industries which create water pollution are paper pulp, textiles, chemical, petroleum, tannery, etc.
The damaging effects of earthquakes on the ground are
i) Soil failures such as liquefaction and landslides caused by shaking.
ii) Tidal waves (Tsunami) i.e. large waves on the surface of water bodies, that can cause major damage to shoreline areas.
Two facts which should be borne in mind while selecting a site for a building in coastal areas are:
i) To build at least 250 metres away from the sea coast.
ii) Where houses can be built with a plinth level higher than the known high flood level.
Ground movements caused by earthquakes can have several types of damaging effect such as:
a) Soil failures such as liquefaction and landslides caused by shaking.
b) Tidal waves ( Tsunamis ) i.e. large waves on the surface of water bodies that can cause major damage to shoreline areas.
c) Surface fault ruptures such as cracks, vertical shifts, general settlement f an area, etc.
d) Ground shaking i.e., back and forth motion of the ground, caused by the passing vibratory waves through the ground
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