Sample lab on plant growth using composting and chemical fertilizer
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Introduction
The use of chemical fertilizers and organic manure has both positive and negative effects on plant growth and the soil. Chemical fertilizers are relatively inexpensive, have high nutrient contents, and are rapidly taken up by plants. However, the use of excess fertilizer can result in a number of problems, such as nutrient loss, surface water and groundwater contamination, soil acidification or basification, reductions in useful microbial communities, and increased sensitivity to harmful insects (Chen 2006 Chen JH. 2006. The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers and/or biofertilizer for crop growth and soil fertility. Proceedings of International Workshop on Sustained Management of the Soil-Rhizosphere System for Efficient Crop Production and Fertilizer Use Organic manure has a number of shortcomings, including low nutrient content, slow decomposition, and different nutrient compositions depending on its organic materials, compared to chemical fertilizers. However, organic manure has multiple benefits due to the balanced supply of nutrients, including micronutrients, increased soil nutrient availability due to increased soil microbial activity, the decomposition of harmful elements, soil structure improvements and root development, and increased soil water availability.
Materials and methods
Study sites and species
This study was performed in the Forest Practice Research Center of Korea Forest Research Institute, which is located in Pocheon, Gyeonggi Province (37°45ʹ N, 127°09ʹ W). The mean annual temperature is 11.3 °C, and the annual precipitation is 1365 mm.
Growth measurements
Growth measurements on the aboveground and belowground part were performed 20 weeks after the fertilization treatments. Except for the seedlings that were planted on the edges of the treatment sections, four seedlings were randomly selected from the inside of the treatment plots in order to minimize edge effects. In order to minimize root damage during harvesting, seedlings on the edges were harvested first, and the rest were then harvested in a way to avoid fine root cutting by removing the soil inside.
Soil and plant tissue analysis
Prior to the seedling harvest, soil samples were collected to analyze the chemical properties of the soils exposed to the different treatments (Table 3). After the random selection of two points in all of the treatment sections, excluding the edges, the leaves that had fallen on the soil surface were removed, and 500 g of soil was collected at a depth of 0–10 cm. After the sampling, two samples from each treatment were mixed, and a soil analysis was conducted. The analyses were replicated four times for each treatment. The samples for the plant nutrient analysis were collected from the seedlings that were used in the dry weight measurements. The plant nutrient analyses were replicated four times for each treatment.
Statistic analyses
Tukey's multiple comparison tests were used to analyze the soil properties, plant nutrient concentrations, and growth performances after treatment. The tests were performed at a 5% significance level (SAS 9.3). Statistical analyses of the seedling height, root diameter, and dry weight were implemented at a 5% significance level with a covariate analysis that considered the initial growth values.
Results and discussion
Soil chemical properties
Then fertilizer treatment significantly decreased soil pH, whereas organic manure treatments significantly increased soil pH (Table 4). Soil nitrogen content increased by 17% after the organic manure treatment, while soil nitrogen content after NPK fertilizer treatment was similar to that of the control group. The available phosphorus in the soil increased more than 50% in all treatments. Similar to available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium concentrations were significantly increased in all treatments, more than doubling after organic manure treatment. Exchangeable calcium was reduced after fertilizer treatment, and no changes were exhibited in the magnesium concentrations. However, the organic manure treatment significantly increased both the calcium and magnesium concentrations in the soil. Electrical conductivity was increased after the organic manure
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