Satyendra Nath Bose in about 150 words
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Satyendra Nath Bose Essay: Bose was a rare combination of kaleidoscopic versatility and evergreen vivacity. He made two important contributions in mathematical physics one in his 20s and the other in his fifties. In terms of number of publications (if we go by the present trend where every scientist would tend to flaunt his number of publications rather than their contents) his contribution would appear to be hopelessly insignificant. He published only twenty-five papers including the obituary note on Einstein published in science and culture. Out of these 25 papers 17 were single authored.
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The year 2005 was celebrated worldwide as the centenary of Einstein's miraculous year, 1905,
as well as for his life and work. During a period of twelve months (1905), he published five
papers that changed the face of physics - two of which laid the foundations of the Special
Theory of Relativity; a paper on the quantum nature of radiation in explaining the PhotoElectric effect; papers on the theory of Brownian motion, and on molecular dimensions and
the calculation of Avogadro's number. In 1924, almost two decades after the miraculous 1905,
and almost a decade after his famous theory of gravitation in 1915, Einstein was involved in
another important discovery of 20th century physics - the birth of the new quantum statistics
to become known as the Bose-Einstein statistics. It all began with a letter and a short article.
A relatively unknown young man, Satyendra Nath Bose, from Dacca University in East Bengal
(now Bangladesh) wrote to Einstein, claiming he had derived Planck's law for black body
radiation without recourse to classical electrodynamics. Bose further wrote that if Einstein
thought it was important, he would be grateful if he (Einstein) could arrange its publication in
Zeitscrift fur Physik, as he, Bose, did not know German well enough.
Einstein translated the paper himself and got it published with a note added saying, "Bose s
derivation of Plancks law appears to me an important step forward. The method used here
also yields the quantum theory of ideal gas, as I shall show elsewhere." Indeed in a matter of
weeks, Einstein published his paper extending Bose's work to monoatomic gas and followed
it up with another paper within months, predicting according to the new theory the possibility
of a new state of matter, the Bose-Einstein condensate. Highlighting the importance of this
development, Abraham Pais in his celebrated book, "Subtle is the Lord," on Einstein says,
"For Einstein this period was only an interlude. He was already engrossed in his search for a
unified theory. Such is the scope of his oeuvre that his discoveries in those six months do not
even rank among his five main contributions, yet they alone would have sufficed for Einstein to
be remembered forever."
Einstein's recognition of Bose's work had an immediate impact on Bose's life and career.
He was granted study leave from his university for two years "with a stipend, a separation
allowance for the family, with sumptuous travel allowance with round trip fare." Although
Bose was primarily a theoretical physicist at the time, he spent his first year abroad gaining
first-hand experience working in the crystallographic laboratories of Maurice de Broglie and
the radioactivity research laboratories of Madam Curie before going to Berlin to meet Einstein
in October of 1925. Berlin was humming with the excitement of the dawn of the new quantum
mechanics with the visits and seminars of Heisenberg and Schrodinger. Einstein introduced
Bose to several prominent physicists including Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Fritz Haber and
Walter Gordon. He came to know Hermann Mark and worked closely in his laboratories of
X-ray crystallography.
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