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Explanation:
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient (the degree of hotness or coldness of an object). A thermometer has two important elements: a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the pyrometric sensor in an infrared thermometer) in which some change occurs with a change in temperature; and some means of converting this change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the digital readout on an infrared model). Thermometers are widely used in technology and industry to monitor processes, in meteorology, in medicine, and in scientific research.
Some of the principles of the thermometer were known to Greek philosophers of two thousand years ago. As Henry Carrington Bolton (1900) noted, the thermometer's "development from a crude toy to an instrument of precision occupied more than a century, and its early history is encumbered with erroneous statements that have been reiterated with such dogmatism that they have received the false stamp of authority." The Italian physician Santorio Santorio (Sanctorius, 1561-1636) is commonly credited with the invention of the first thermometer, but its standardisation was completed through the 17th and 18th centuries.[4][5][6] In the first decades of the 18th century in the Dutch Republic, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit[7] made two revolutionary breakthroughs in the history of thermometry. He invented the mercury-in-glass thermometer (first widely used, accurate, practical thermometer) and Fahrenheit scale (first standardized temperature scale to be widely used).
While an individual thermometer is able to measure degrees of hotness, the readings on two thermometers cannot be compared unless they conform to an agreed scale. Today there is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. Internationally agreed temperature scales are designed to approximate this closely, based on fixed points and interpolating thermometers. The most recent official temperature scale is the International Temperature Scale of 1990. It extends from 0.65 K (−272.5 °C; −458.5 °F) to approximately 1,358 K (1,085 °C; 1,985 °F).
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- A thermometer is a device that monitors temperature or temperature differences (the degree of hotness or coldness of an object).
- A thermometer is a device that measures a system's temperature. Temperature measurement is crucial in a variety of applications, including industrial, scientific research, and medical care.
- Galileo Galilei, an Italian mathematician and scientist, is widely credited with developing the thermometer.
- The temperature of an inverted glass jar caused the air within it to expand or contract, which varied the level of the liquid in the vessel's long, open-mouthed neck, which was partially filled in his device, which was made about 1592.
- In the years that followed, this fundamental idea was refined by testing with liquids such as mercury and by giving more information.