Scribe microstructure of alloy steel
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Microstructure of Ferrous Alloys
George F. Vander Voort, Director, Research & Technology, Buehler Ltd., Lake Bluff, IL Posted !anuary "#, $##"
The %icrostructure of iron'ase alloys is (ery co%)licated and di(erse, 'eing influenced 'y che%ical co%)osition, %aterial ho%ogeneity, )rocessing and section si*e. This article offers a'rief e+)lanation of the ter%inology descri'ing the constituents in ferrous alloys, and offers a'asic re(ie of steel %icrostructures.
Microstructures of castings look different from those of wrought products, even if they have thesame chemical composition and are given the same heat treatment. In general, it is easiest toidentify heat-treated structures after transformation and before tempering. For example, if amixed microstructure of bainite and martensite is formed during quenching, these constituentswill become more difficult to identify reliably as the tempering temperature used for the productincreases toward the lower critical temperature. Further, ferrous metallographers tend to usenital almost exclusively for etching, but nital is not always the best reagent to use to properlyreveal all microstructures. icral is an excellent etchant for revealing certain micro-structuralconstituents in steel, but the use of picral is prohibited by some companies because picric acidcan be made to explode under certain conditions. !owever, picral-related accidents are lesscommon than for nital. "ilella#s reagent, which also contains picric acid, is exceptionally valuablefor certain compositions and microstructures.$ecause of misuse and confusion regarding certain terms, there is a need to discuss theterminology describing the constituents in ferrous alloys. %ertain terms, such as sorbite andtroostite, were dropped from the metallographic lexicon in &'() because they referred tomicrostructural constituents inaccurately. !owever, such terms still are occasionally used. *heterm phase often is used incorrectly in reference to mixtures of two phases, such as pearlite or bainite. + phase is a
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