Question

send the rules of narrations

Answer 1

Which narrations?????????

Answer 2

Direct and Indirect Narration 

Read the following sentences :

In the sentence A the speech of the boy is quoted in the exact words of the speaker.

The speech quoted in the exact words of the speaker is a Direct Speech or

Direct Narration. It is always written within inverted

The speech reported in narrative form without quoting the exact words of

the speaker is an Indirect Speech or Indirect Narration.

Note : The reporting speech and the reported speech are joined by a linking

word and the commas are omitted. -Remember: Narration is of two kinds. They are:

(a) Direct Narration or Direct speech

General Rules

[i]

Assertive Sentence or Statement

1.If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense in the

reported speech is not changed.

Direct : The man says, "I shall do it."

Indirect : The man says that he will do it.

2. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb in the reported

speech is changed into the corresponding past form.

Nadin said, "I am fine.'

Nadin said that he was fine.

He said, "I am reading a book."

He said that he was reading a book.

He said, "I have been learning English.”

He said that he had been teaming English. .

He said, "I can do the work.

He said that he could do the work.

He said, "I shall have done it."

He said‘ that he would have done it.

3. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, and the verb of the reported

speech is in the past indefinite tense, it (the verb in the reported

speech) is changed into the past perfect tense.

Direct : Urmi said, “I went to school.

Indirect : Urmi said that she had gone to school.

4.If the reporting verb is in the past tense, and the verb in the reported

speech is in the past continuous, it (the verb in the reported speech) is

' changed into the past perfect continuous tense.

Direct :_ He said, "I was reading a book."

Indirect : He said that he had been reading a book.

problem."

Indirect : Shimu told me (said to-me) that she had been making a research to

solve the problem.

-Note: The use of the conjunction that between the reporting speech and the

reported speech is not a must in the indirect speech.

5. If the Direct Speech describes a universal truth, constant fact, habitual

fact, geographical fact and quotations, the verb in the reported speech

remains unchanged:

Direct : Keats said, "A thing of beauty is a joy for ever."

Indirect :Keats I said that a thing of beauty is a joy for ever.

6.The First Person of the direct speech is changed into the person the man spoken to and the third person does not have any change: '

Direct : Salam says to you, "You did not help me."

Indirect : Salarn tells you that you did not help him.

Note: If the Reporting Verb has an object, it is not good English to write, said

to him before that, It is better to write told us/him etc.

7. If the Reported speech has two or more verbs occurring at the same

time, the past tense of the verbs is not changed :

Direct : The teacher said, "Mr. Ant worked hard while Mr. Grasshopper slept."

The teacher said that Mr. Ant worked hard while Mr. Grasshopper slept

8.Words that express nearness are often changed into the words

expressing remoteness:

Words in direct speech Words in indirect speech

Here there

This that

Ago before

These those

Hence thence

Come go

Hither thither

Thus so, in that way

Today that day, the same day

Tomorrow he next day, the following day

Yesterday the previous day, the day before

Last night the previous night, the night before

Interrogative Sentence:

Structure of indirect speech

(a) Reporting verb is changed into ask or enquire of.

(b) If or whether is used as a linking word.

(c) The auxiliary verb in the reported speech is used after the subject.

(d) If the sentence begins with who, which, what, how, when, where,

why etc., these are not changed and if or whether is not used.

Note : The indirect speech becomes a statement and no question mark is used.

The man said to Shaila, "What is your name?"

The man asked Shaila what her name was.

[iii]

Imperative Sentence

Structure of indirect speech

a. Reporting verb is changed into tell, command or order, request - or

beg or entreat or ask, forbid, according to the sense of the speech

b. Reporting verb and Reported speech are joined by Infinitive ‘to

He said to me, "Do it now"?

He told me to do it then.

[iv]

Optative Sentence

The structure of indirect speech of Optative sentences.

a. The Reporting verb is changed into wish or pray.

b. The Optative form is changed into a statement.

c. ‘That’ is used as a linking word.

He said to me, "May you be happy".

He wished that I might be happy.