Separate reforms of institutional and technological reforms
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The main problems faced by farmers in India are:
Fragmentation of land holdings by successive inheritance
Primitive methods of farming
Dependence on monsoon and natural fertility of soil
Exploitation by local money lenders and middlemen
Lack of insurance against natural calamities
The technological and institutional changes initiated in India to improve the condition of farmers include:
The land reforms initiated in the first five-year plan aimed to:
abolish zamindari and
consolidate land holdings. The consolidation of land holdings involved combining adjacent small fields into single large farms and encouraging individual land owners to do cooperative farming.
Agricultural reforms in the 1960s and 1970s known as the green revolution in India:
Providing high yielding varieties of seeds and fertilisers to farmers, and
Developing large-scale irrigation facilities to allow them to grow two crops in a year.
Continued expansion of farming areas.
White revolution:
Doctor Verghese Kurien is credited with architecting Operation Flood -- the largest dairy development programme in the world.
The government launched a comprehensive land development programme in the 1980s and 1990s:
Insurance cover to farmers against damage to crops and
Setting up of rural banks and cooperative societies to provide them loans on easy rates of interest.
The government also started broadcasting radio and television programmes to educate farmers about new techniques of agriculture and give them prior warning about weather conditions. To stop the exploitation of farmers by middlemen, the government announced the procurement, remunerative and minimum support prices of all the major crops in India.
The government also launched personal benefit schemes for farmers, like the Kisan Credit Card and the Personal Accident Insurance Scheme. Under the Land Ceiling Act by government no individual or family could own more than a certain quantum of land.
Fragmentation of land holdings by successive inheritance
Primitive methods of farming
Dependence on monsoon and natural fertility of soil
Exploitation by local money lenders and middlemen
Lack of insurance against natural calamities
The technological and institutional changes initiated in India to improve the condition of farmers include:
The land reforms initiated in the first five-year plan aimed to:
abolish zamindari and
consolidate land holdings. The consolidation of land holdings involved combining adjacent small fields into single large farms and encouraging individual land owners to do cooperative farming.
Agricultural reforms in the 1960s and 1970s known as the green revolution in India:
Providing high yielding varieties of seeds and fertilisers to farmers, and
Developing large-scale irrigation facilities to allow them to grow two crops in a year.
Continued expansion of farming areas.
White revolution:
Doctor Verghese Kurien is credited with architecting Operation Flood -- the largest dairy development programme in the world.
The government launched a comprehensive land development programme in the 1980s and 1990s:
Insurance cover to farmers against damage to crops and
Setting up of rural banks and cooperative societies to provide them loans on easy rates of interest.
The government also started broadcasting radio and television programmes to educate farmers about new techniques of agriculture and give them prior warning about weather conditions. To stop the exploitation of farmers by middlemen, the government announced the procurement, remunerative and minimum support prices of all the major crops in India.
The government also launched personal benefit schemes for farmers, like the Kisan Credit Card and the Personal Accident Insurance Scheme. Under the Land Ceiling Act by government no individual or family could own more than a certain quantum of land.
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institutional reforms
collectivisation consolidation of Holdings corporation and abolition of zamindari extra were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence
Land Reforms was the main focus of the first five year plan the right of inheritance and already late to fragmentation of land holding necessitating consolidation of Holdings
the laws of Land Reforms were enacted but the law of implementation was lacking or lukuwarm
provision for Crop Insurance against drought flood cyclone fire and disease establishment of Grameen banks cooperative societies and banks for provision of loan facilities to the farmers at low rates of interest away some important steps in this direction
Kisan credit card and personal accident insurance schemes are some other schemes introduced by the government of India for the benefit of the farmers
moreover special weather patterns and agricultural programs for farmers were introduced on the radio and television
technological reforms :
the Green Revolution based on the use of package Technology And The White Revolution (Operation Flood )where some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture
in spite of development of sources of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and the natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture
the government also announced minimum support price remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen
collectivisation consolidation of Holdings corporation and abolition of zamindari extra were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence
Land Reforms was the main focus of the first five year plan the right of inheritance and already late to fragmentation of land holding necessitating consolidation of Holdings
the laws of Land Reforms were enacted but the law of implementation was lacking or lukuwarm
provision for Crop Insurance against drought flood cyclone fire and disease establishment of Grameen banks cooperative societies and banks for provision of loan facilities to the farmers at low rates of interest away some important steps in this direction
Kisan credit card and personal accident insurance schemes are some other schemes introduced by the government of India for the benefit of the farmers
moreover special weather patterns and agricultural programs for farmers were introduced on the radio and television
technological reforms :
the Green Revolution based on the use of package Technology And The White Revolution (Operation Flood )where some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture
in spite of development of sources of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and the natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture
the government also announced minimum support price remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen
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