शीत युद्ध की प्रकृति
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जैसा कि इसके नाम से ही स्पष्ट है कि यह अस्त्र-शस्त्रों का युद्ध न होकर धमकियों तक ही सीमित युद्ध है। इस युद्ध में कोई वास्तविक युद्ध नहीं लड़ा गया। यह केवल परोक्ष युद्ध तक ही सीमित रहा। इस युद्ध में दोनों महाशक्तियों ने अपने वैचारिक मतभेद ही प्रमुख रखे। यह एक प्रकार का कूटनीतिक युद्ध था जो महाशक्तियों के संकीर्ण स्वार्थ सिद्धियों के प्रयासों पर ही आधारित रहा।
शीत युद्ध एक प्रकार का वाक युद्ध था जो कागज के गोलों, पत्र-पत्रिकाओं, रेडियो तथा प्रचार साधनों तक ही लड़ा गया। इस युद्ध में न तो कोई गोली चली और न कोई घायल हुआ। इसमें दोनों महाशक्तियों ने अपना सर्वस्व कायम रखने के लिए विश्व के अधिकांश हिस्सों में परोक्ष युद्ध लड़े। युद्ध को शस्त्रायुद्ध में बदलने से रोकने के सभी उपायों का भी प्रयोग किया गया, यह केवल कूटनीतिक उपायों द्वारा लड़ा जाने वाला युद्ध था जिसमें दोनों महाशक्तियां एक दूसरे को नीचा दिखाने के सभी उपायों का सहारा लेती रही। इस युद्ध का उद्देश्य अपने-अपने गुटों में मित्र राष्ट्रों को शामिल करके अपनी स्थिति मजबूत बनाना था ताकि भविष्य में प्रत्येक अपने अपने विरोधी गुट की चालों को आसानी से काट सके। यह युद्ध द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध के बाद अमेरिका और सोवियत संघ के मध्य पैदा हुआ अविश्वास व शंका की अन्तिम परिणति था।
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The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies, the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc, after World War II. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but the period is generally considered to span the 1947 Truman Doctrine to the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union. The doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD) discouraged a pre-emptive attack by either side. Aside from the nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, far-reaching embargoes, rivalry at sports events and technological competitions such as the Space Race.The term "cold" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by the two powers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany in 1945.[1][2][A] The Cold War split the wartime alliance, leaving the USSR and the US as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences: the former being a single-party Marxist–Leninist state operating a planned economy and controlled press and owning exclusively the right to establish and govern communities, and the latter being a capitalist state with generally free elections and press, which also granted freedom of expression and freedom of association to its citizens. A self-proclaimed neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement founded by Egypt, India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia; this faction rejected association with either the US-led West or the Soviet-led East. As nearlyall the colonial states achieved independence in the period 1945–1960, they became Third World battlefields in the Cold War.
The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945. The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc, while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power, extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe (for example, supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War) and creating the NATO alliance. The Berlin Blockade (1948–49) was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War (1950–53), the conflict expanded. The USSR and US competed for influence in Latin America, and the decolonizing states of Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets. The expansionand escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Following the Cuban missile crisis, a new phase began that saw the Sino-Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere, while US allies, particularly France, demonstrated greater autonomy of action. The USSR invaded Czechoslovakia and crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program, while the Vietnam War (1955–75) ended with a defeat of the US-backed Republic of South Vietnam, prompting further adjustments. Additionally, the US experienced internal turmoil from the civil rights movement and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the 1960s–70s, an international peace movement took root among citizens around the world. Movements against nuclear arms testing and for nuclear disarmament took place, with large anti-war protests.
By the 1970s, both sides had becomemore stable and predictable international system, inaugurating a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union. Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the Soviet war in Afghanistan beginning in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (1983), and the "Able Archer" NATO military exercises (1983). The United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ("reorganization", 1987) and glasnost("openness", c. 1985) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland. Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully (with the exception of the Romanian Revolution)
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