shelter) to luxury items (cars, swimming pools, yachts). Services are
activities that benefit others (for example, the work of priests, physicians,
teachers, and computer software specialists).
We value goods and services because they ensure survival or because
they make life easier or more interesting. Also, what people produce as
workers and what they buy as consumers are important parts of social
identity, as when we say, “He's a steelworker," or "She drives a Mercedes."
How goods and services are distributed, too, shapes the lives of every-
one by giving more resources to some and fewer to others.
The economies of modern high-income nations are the result of
centuries of social change. We turn now to three technological revo-
lutions that reorganized production and, in the process, transformed
social life.
The Agricultural Revolution
The earliest human societies were made up of hunters and gatherers
living off the land. In these technologically simple societies, there was
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