Shifting models of disability in inclusive education
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Answer:
Explanation:
SHIFTING MODELS OF DISABILITY:
HISTORICAL PROGRESSION
The shifting approaches to disability have translated
into very diverse policies and practices. The various
models of disability impose differing responsibilities
on the States, in terms of action to be taken, and they
suggest significant changes in the way disability is
understood. Law, policy, programs, and rights
Instruments reflect two primary approaches or
discourses: disability as an individual pathology and as
a social pathology.
Within these two overriding paradigms, the four
major identifiable formulations of disability are: the
charity model, the bio-centric model, the functional
model, and the human rights model.. The Charity Model -
The charity approach gave birth to a model of custodial
care, causing extreme isolation and the marginalization
of people with disabilities. Unfortunately, in some
contemporary practices the reflection of this model
can still be traced. For instance, the findings of an
investigative project undertaken by the National Human
Rights Commission of India between 1997–99 confirmed
that a large number of mental health institutions today
are still being managed and administered on the custodial
model of care — characterized by prison-like structures
with high walls, watchtowers, fenced wards, and locked
cells. These institutions functioned like detention Center's,
where persons with mental illness were kept chained,
resulting in tragedies like the one at “Erwadi” in Tamil
Nadu, in which more than 27 inmates of such a Center
lost their lives.
2. The Bio-centric Model-
The contemporary bio-centric model of disabilityregards disability as a medical or genetic condition. The
implication remains that disabled persons and their
families should strive for “normalization”, through
medical cures and miracles. Although, biology is no
longer the only lens through which disability is viewed
in law and policy, it continues to play a prominent role
in determining program eligibility, entitlement to
benefits, and it also influences access to rights and full
social participation (Mohit, 2003 ).
A critical analysis of the development of the charity
and bio-centric models suggests that they have grown
out of the “vested interests” of professionals and the
elite to keep the disabled “not educable” or declare
them mentally retarded (MR) children and keep them
out of the mainstream school system, thus using the
special schools as a “safety valve” for mainstream
schools (Tomlinson, 1982). Inclusive education offers
an opportunity to restructure the entire school system,
with particular reference to the curriculum, pedagogy,assessment, and above all the meaning of education
(Jha, 2002).
3.The Functional Model -
In the functional model, entitlement to rights is
differentiated according to judgments of individual
incapacity and the extent to which a person is perceived
as being independent to exercise his / her rights. For
example, a child's right to education is dependent on
whether or not the child can access the school and
participate in the classroom, rather than the obligation
being on the school system becoming accessible to
children with disabilities.
4. The Human Rights Model-
The human rights model positions disability as an
important dimension of human culture, and it affirms
that all human beings are born with certain inalienable
rights.
Answer:
bio centric level.
Explanation:
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