Short answer type questions:
1. Why British introduce new revenue system?
2. Write few causes of peasant revolt.
Answers
Answer:
Answer of 1 question-When the British Government expanded its rule outside Bengal, it introduced new systems of revenue. It discarded the system of Permanent Settlement and did not introduce it in any area. It was because of the following reasons:
No Share in Enhanced Income:There was an increase in agricultural price after 1810. It increased the income of the Zamindars in Bengal. But the revenue was already fixed under the Permanent Settlements. So the colonial state was unable to claim any share form the enhanced income of the farmers. As the government wanted to expand its financial resources, it introduced temporary revenue settlements in the newly annexed territories in the ninteenth century.
Impact of the Ideas of David Ricardo:
The British Government introduced some of the idea sof David Ricardo, famous economist, in the state of Maharashtra. Ricardo believed that a land-owner should claim only the average rent that prevailed at a given time. Many peasants in Bengal had leased out their land. So they lived on the rental income. Such income must be taxed. Thus the British introduced the Ryotwari System of revenue settlement in the Bombay Deccan.Herein the revenue was settled directly with the ryot. The revenue paying capacity of the ryot was assessed. The ryot paid his fixed share.
New Systems:
Thus we see that the British Government introduced many new revenue policies such as:
(i) Temporary Revenues settlements
(ii) Ryotwari Settlement.
Answer of 2 question
Causes of the Peasants Revolt
The Black Death resulted in the loss of many lives in England. The proportion of people killed varied from area to area. Up to a third of the population may have died. In some places there were few survivors. This caused as huge burden emotionally and economically on society.
The Statute of Labourers of 1351 was designed to stop people profiting from the shortage of labour after the Black Death. It limited wages to 2d (pence) per day. The Church retained much land in England. Many labourers were still required to work, without pay, on Church land. This prevented movement of labour and stopped them from earning the high wages being offered. These combined to frustrate people, though they in themselves did not cause a revolt.The labour shortage had resulted in some lords offering high rates of pay to entice villein’s away from their villages. However, some of the lords refused to allow the villein’s to return to their home villages. These villein’s were strengthened financially but saw their movement restricted. They did not think this was fair. They had seen their importance and value rise, then had it restricted.
England had been at war in France since 1337. The war is expensive. It had cost the lives of many men. Coastal towns and villages had lost revenue because of surrendering their vessels to the navy. The war carried on despite the death of King Edward III.
When Edward III died in 1377, his heir, King Richard II was only a boy. England was governed by his uncle, John of Gaunt. John of Gaunt was not popular amongst the people. Respect for the Kings Government was low. The government raised Poll Taxes in 1377 and again in 1379.
It is believed that many villein’s feared that the rights and pay that had been acquired following the Black Death could be taken away from them. As taxes were being increased, there was reason to believe that their liberties could be restricted again.Another Poll Tax was introduced in 1381. The Poll Tax of 1381 was higher than the taxes of 1377 and 1379. It was also per person, not per property. People tried to avoid the tax. They hid family members. Between January and March 1381, investigators uncovered lots of the deception and forced people to pay. This led to unrest.
John Ball was a radical priest. He argued that all mankind was equal. His preaching was banned but he spoke to people outside of the church. For that, he was imprisoned in April 1381. Rebels released him in May 1381. He immediately preached to a large crowd that they should, “cast off the yoke of bondage, and recover liberty.” The speeches and preaching of John Ball argued that the villeins ought not to be tied to the land, the lords or the church. They should have freedom as a right.In May 1381 the King’s Commissioners demanded the payment of taxes from several villages in Kent. When asking for the payment from the people of Fobbing, there was a refusal. This led to the Commissioners being attacked and killed.
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Answer:
- It increased the income of the Zamindars in Bengal. But the revenue was already fixed under the Permanent Settlements. So the colonial state was unable to claim any share form the enhanced income of the farmers. ... Thus the British introduced the Ryotwari System of revenue settlement in the Bombay Deccan.
- Causes of the Peasants Revolt
- These were: Long term impact of the Black Death; the impact of the Statute of Labourers; the land ties that remained in place to feudal lords and to the church.
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