Short note on biological nitrogen fixation
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Nitrogen is a critical limiting element for plant growth and production. It is a major component of chlorophyll, the most important pigment needed for photosynthesis, as well as amino acids, the key building blocks of proteins. It is also found in other important biomolecules, such as ATP and nucleic acids. Even though it is one of the most abundant elements (predominately inthe form of nitrogen gas (N2) in the Earth’s atmosphere), plants can only utilize reduced forms of this element. Plants acquire these formsof “combined” nitrogen by: 1) the addition of ammonia and/or nitrate fertilizer (from the Haber-Bosch process) or manure to soil, 2) the release of these compounds during organic matter decomposition, 3) the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into the compounds by natural processes, such as lightning, and 4) biological nitrogen fixation (Vance 2001).Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), discovered by Beijerinck in 1901 (Beijerinck 1901), is carried outby a specialized group of prokaryotes. These organisms utilize the enzyme nitrogenase to catalyze the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). Plants can readily assimilate NH3to produce the aforementioned nitrogenous biomolecules. These prokaryotes include aquatic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, free-living soil bacteria, such asAzotobacter, bacteria that form associative relationships with plants, such asAzospirillum, and most importantly, bacteria, such asRhizobiumandBradyrhizobium, that form symbioses with legumes and other plants (Postgate 1982). These organisms are summarized in fig.
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Nitrogen is a critical limiting element for plant growth and production. It is a major component of chlorophyll, the most important pigment needed for photosynthesis, as well as amino acids, the key building blocks of proteins. It is also found in other important biomolecules, such as ATP and nucleic acids. Even though it is one of the most abundant elements (predominately inthe form of nitrogen gas (N2) in the Earth’s atmosphere), plants can only utilize reduced forms of this element. Plants acquire these formsof “combined” nitrogen by: 1) the addition of ammonia and/or nitrate fertilizer (from the Haber-Bosch process) or manure to soil, 2) the release of these compounds during organic matter decomposition, 3) the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into the compounds by natural processes, such as lightning, and 4) biological nitrogen fixation (Vance 2001).Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), discovered by Beijerinck in 1901 (Beijerinck 1901), is carried outby a specialized group of prokaryotes. These organisms utilize the enzyme nitrogenase to catalyze the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). Plants can readily assimilate NH3to produce the aforementioned nitrogenous biomolecules. These prokaryotes include aquatic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, free-living soil bacteria, such asAzotobacter, bacteria that form associative relationships with plants, such asAzospirillum, and most importantly, bacteria, such asRhizobiumandBradyrhizobium, that form symbioses with legumes and other plants (Postgate 1982). These organisms are summarized in fig.
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