Question

short note on deterrent to inappropriate flower visitors​

Answer 1

Answer:

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Explanation:

Videotape records of flower-visiting behaviour of bumble bees (Bombus spp.) without previous foraging experience were compared with records of experienced foragers on flowers of six plant species representing a range of morphological complexity. Although the behaviour of experienced bees was relatively consistent, those without previous experience made many types of "errors" on their first flower visits. These included landing on inappropriate areas of flowers, assuming incorrect positions, and probing into areas of flowers other than in the vicinity of the nectary. The proportion of inexperienced foragers achieving a success criterion, defined as three sequential "errorless" visits, differed significantly among plant species. The time spent in trial and error learning before the criterion was obtained was significantly greater for flowers of high structural complexity than for those of intermediate and low complexity.The initial probing response of

inexperienced bumble bees is mainly instinctive behaviour. However, exploitation of flowers also involves a learning component during which initial responses are modified according to the location of rewards in flowers of different plant species.

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Answer 2

Answer:

Biological mutualisms rely on communication between partners, but also require protective measures against exploitation. Animal-pollinated flowers need to attract pollinators but also to avoid conflicts with antagonistic consumers. The view of flower visitors as mutualistic and antagonistic agents considers primarily the plants' interest. A classification emphasizing the consumer's point of view, however, may be more useful when considering animal's adaptations to flower visits which may include a tolerance against defensive floral scent compounds.

Methods

In a meta-analysis covering 18 studies on the responses of animals to floral scents, the animals were assigned to the categories of obligate and facultative flower visitors which considers their dependency on floral resources. Their responses on floral scents were compared.

Explanation:

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