Question

short note on factors leading to individual difference! at least 100 words​

Answer 1

Variability in Nature.

Variation in nature is well recognized. No two organisms look or act exactly alike. Differences are found, upon measurement, to exist in the various single organs of the body— in heart, lungs, size of brain, length of bones, etc. Also, when we measure such total contours as weight or height, we find the same thing to be true.

In line with popular statement people do not seem to be born equal in every respect. Neither do they, in spite of democratic theory, acquire equality. Variability among people in physique, temperament, and intelligence, as well as in wealth and social position, is self-evident.

Measures of Individual Differences. —  When we take any samples to measure people in regard to any given trait or group of traits, we find that these differences may be laid out on the scale of units and be dealt with conveniently by statistical devices. In a great many physical and psychological traits the differences seem to distribute themselves in somewhat the same form that chance throws of dice or coins would, or shots at a bulls-eye from a rifle or cannon. The form of this distribution is familiar to us as the bell-shaped Gaussian or normal probability curve. We find that the big bulk of individuals cluster around the central tendency of this curve. The measures of central tendency we call averages. The most commonly used of these are the mode, median, and arithmetic mean. The mode is that measure on the scale that contains the most items. The median is the middlemost measure of the entire group considered in terms of distribution from highest to lowest measure. The arithmetic mean is the average determined by taking, mathematically, the total magnitude of the various measures divided by the number of cases or the sample.

We are concerned, however, not with how distributed measures of persons summarize themselves into averages, but rather with the variability f these measures over the scale.

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