Short note on useful and harmful bacteria
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Some bacteria are good for you, including the bacteria in your digestive system, or gut. These bacteria help to break down food and keep you healthy. Other good bacteria can produce oxygen are used to create antibiotics.
Harmful effects of microorganisms: Bacteria: Causes various diseases such as typhoid, diarrhea, and cholera. Fungi: Causes a large number of diseases in plants and in animals such as rust diseases in plants, fruit rot in apple, red rot in sugar cane and ring worm disease in human beings.
Short note on useful and harmful bacteria
Explanation:
Helpful Bacteria
- Lactobacillus/ Doderlein’s bacillus
Characteristics: Gram-positive, rod-shaped
Presence: Lactobacilli species are present in milk and dairy products,
fermented foods and also form part of our oral, intestinal and vaginal
microflora.
The Benefit: Lactobacilli are known for their ability to utilize lactose
and produce lactic acid, as a metabolic by product. This ability to
ferment lactose makes lactobacilli an important ingredient for
preparing fermented foods. It is also an important part of the pickling
process since lactic acid serves as a preservative.
- Bifidobacterium
Characteristics: Gram-positive, branched, rod-shaped
Presence: Bifidobacteria are present in the gastrointestinal tract of
humans.
Benefit: Similar to lactobacilli these are also known for lactic acid
production. In addition, it also produces acetic acid. This inhibits the
growth of pathogenic bacteria by controlling pH levels in the
intestines.
- Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Characteristics: Gram-negative, rod-shaped
Presence: E. coli is a part of the normal microflora of small and large
intestines.
Benefit: E. coli helps in the breakdown of undigested monosaccharide
sugars and thus aid digestion. These bacteria produce vitamin K and
biotin which are essential for a variety of cellular processes.
- Streptomyces
Characteristics: Gram-positive, filamentous
Presence: They are widely found in soil, water, and decaying matter.
Benefit: Streptomyces spp. play an important role in soil ecology by
bringing about the decomposition of organic matter present in soil.
- Rhizobia
Characteristics: Gram-negative, rod-shaped
Presence: Rhizobia are present in soil or form a symbiotic association
with the root nodules of leguminous plants.
Benefit: Plants do not possess the ability to utilize atmospheric
nitrogen and are dependent on nitrogen-fixing bacteria, that is
present in soil.
- Cyanobacteria/Cyanophyta
Characteristics: Gram-negative, rod-shaped
Presence: Cyanobacteria are mainly aquatic bacteria but are also
found on bare rocks and in soil.
Benefit: Their calcification and decalcification abilities make them
essential for maintaining coral reef ecosystem balance.
Now example of some harmful bacteria
- Mycobacteria
Characteristics: Neither Gram-positive or Gram-negative (due to high
lipid content), rod-shaped
Presence: Mycobacteria are generally found in water and food.
Disease: M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, the most notorious species,
are the causative agents for tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively.
- Clostridium tetani
Characteristics: Gram-positive, box-shaped
Presence: C. tetani spores are found in soil, skin, and the
gastrointestinal tract.
Disease: It enters the body through a wound, replicates there and
releases toxins, namely tetanospasmin (aka, spasmogenic toxin) and
tetanolysin. These lead to muscular spasms and respiratory failure.
- Yersinia pestis
Characteristics: Gram-negative, rod-shaped
Presence: Y. pestis can only survive within the host, namely rodents
(fleas) and mammals.
Disease: An infection in the lungs caused by Y. pestis leads to
pneumonic plague causing coughs, difficulty in breathing, and fever.
- Helicobacter pylori
Characteristics: Gram-negative, rod-shaped
Presence: H. pylori colonizes the mucosal lining of the human
stomach.
Disease: It is the leading cause for gastritis and peptic ulcers. It
produces cytotoxins and ammonia which damage the stomach
epithelium leading to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and
bloating.
- Bacillus anthracis
Characteristics: Gram-positive, rod-shaped
Presence: B. anthracis is widely present in soil.
Disease: The deadly disease called anthrax is a result of a B. anthracis
infection, where the inhalation of B. anthracis endospores is what
causes this illness.
These are the examples of some useful and harmful bacteria although this list is quite large but I have tried to conclude the most common bacterial example.
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