should be the policy of the State to
endeavour to secure the promotion of
international peace and security.
(a) Girl's Education:
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Answer:
Since the Second World War, 199 wars have been fought by 81 countries and 69 countries have been directly the theatres of war (Mr Janez Stanovnik, Paris, UNESCO, 1978). Mr Gil Elliot, who made a valiant attempt to count the man-made deaths in 20th century has arrived at a total of 110 millions from 1900 to 1970. This figure includes 38 million soldiers. It means that one out of every 30 inhabitants on the earth was killed through government criminality (pages 43-44, ’ Victims of Politics : The State and Human Rights ’ by K. Glaser and S. T. Possony, New York, Columbia University Press, 1979).
After 1970 there have been more deaths in wars in Middle East and African countries. India was no exception, which has been attacked several times and is subject to cross-border terrorism in which thousands have been killed. Terrorist attack on World Trade Centre, New York, on 11th September 2001 and, subsequently, bombing to contain terrorism in Afghanistan has also resulted in killings of a large number of people, including women and children. We are also witness of war on Iraq and also of subsequent killings by suicide squads. Thousands have been killed or maimed. Use of depleted uranium dust on missiles heads will have devastating affect not only on the victims but also on future generations. Stockpiling of a large number of nuclear armaments, chemical and biological weapons and degradation of ecology and environment have created a situation in which future of children is not safe. Children world over are living in appalling conditions. If huge resources spent on armaments are consecrated to their welfare, the world will become a place worth living.
In such world scenario, spirit of the provisions of Article 51 as enshrined in the Constitution of India, acts as a beacon and reflects an earnest desire for maintenance of world peace and security by avoiding conflicts and wars in the interest of entire human race. Although the said Article 51 is one of the ‘directive principles of the state policy’ and cannot be interpreted as implying a mandate to create a new world order, but the development of science, technology, transport and communication and developed information technology, expansion of international trade and commerce have brought the world together as a ‘global village’ and hence all these developments call for a new world order which is possible only by maintenance of world peace and security as envisaged in Article 51 of the Constitution of India.
The present problems of the world, like huge stock-pile of nuclear arms, capable of devastating the entire world several times, dangers of low and high intensity wars among nations, terrorism (including cross-border terrorism), boundary-disputes, ethnic disputes, economic and political problems, environmental degradation, pollution, problems of disputes based on religions, etc, which affect the entire humanity, can be solved only by a rationale view and awareness, taking into account enormity of the present situations and by creating an impartial world body, with enough powers to implement its directives, decisions or law. The said Article 51 gives a new vision and such provisions should not only be adopted by all nations in their respective constitutions but every nation must adhere to those provisions, in spirit and action, in dealings with other countries.
From ancient times Indian philosophy and vision seeks to bring humankind to the path of peace, cooperation, co-existence, non-violence, human dignity and human advancement and believes in universality of mankind as one human family (Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam). The provisions of Article 51 of the Constitution of India embodies an affirmation of that philosophy and ideals. The promotion of international peace and security as a constitutional directive is a declaration made by the people of India not only to the Indian society but indeed to all people of the world. For, every declaration affecting international life and International relations is a declaration made to all mankind.
The vision given by Article 51of the Constitution of India for international peace and security also enjoins us all in its clause(c) to strive for fostering ‘respect for international law’. But one can have respect for international law if it is based on justice and equality, is enacted by a duly constituted world body having universal sanction and is enforceable on all peoples and nation states. The present ‘so called’ international law has no universal sanction and is not enforceable and, therefore, it has proved to be inadequate in-as-much as it has not been able to solve problems. The result has been that big and powerful nations, by bombings and imposing sanctions, have only brought misery, hunger, disease and poverty to more people and problems remain unsolved and sometimes aggravated.
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