Show distribution of water bodies in the form of pie chart. Give some measures which can be taken to the form improve the quality of water.
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Answer:
'Water is one of the abundantly available substance in the nature which men have
exploiting more than any other resources for the sustenance of life. Water of good
quality is required for living organisms. ―Water is the elixir of life.‖Water is required
for various domestic purposes like irrigation, shipping, sanitation, power generation,
drinking, industries etc. About 73% of earth is covered with marine and fresh water
which is present in rivers, lakes, ponds, glaciers, mountains with ice caps etc. The
fresh water content is only 2.76% of the total amount of global water out of which
only 2.4% fresh water is available. From this fresh water about 0.3% to 0.5% is
available for drinking purpose of the total world water. Human population increases
day by day and it increases consumption of amount of fresh water.
Water resources of Earth
Water is continually moving around, through, and above the Earth as water vapor,
liquid water, and ice. In fact, water is continually changing its form. The Earth is
pretty much a ―closed system,‖ like a terrarium. That means the Earth neither, as a
whole, gains nor loses much matter, including water. Although some matter, such as
meteors from outer space, are captured by Earth, very little of Earth‘s substances
escape into outer space. This is certainly true about water. This means that the same
water that existed on Earth millions of years ago is still here. Because of water cycle
the same water is continually being recycled all around the globe.
The bar chart (Fig. 1.1) show how water is distributed on the Earth. The left-side bar
shows where the water on Earth exists; about 97% of all water is in the oceans. The
middle bar shows distribution of that 3% of all Earth‘s water that is fresh water. The
majority, about 69%, is locked up in glaciers and icecaps, mainly in Greenland and
Antarctica. The remaining freshwater, almost all of it is below our feet, as ground
water. Of all the freshwater on Earth, only about 0.3% is contained in rivers and lakes-
yet rivers and lakes are not only the water resources we are most familiar with, it is
also where most of the water we use in our everyday lives exists (Gleick, 1996)
Table-1.1
One estimate of global water distribution
Water Water volume Water volume in % of % of
Source in cubic miles cubic kilometers fresh total
water water
Oceans seas 321,000,000 1,338,000,000 -- 96.5
and Bays
Ice caps 5,773,000 24,064,000 68.7 1.74
Glaciers and
Permanent
Snow
Ground water 5,614,000 23,400,000 -- 1.7
Fresh 2,526,000 10,530,000 30.1 0.76
Saline 3,088,000 12,870,000 -- 0.94
Soil Moisture 3,959 16,500 0.05 0.001
Ground Ice and 71,970 300,000 0.86 0.022
Permafrost
Lakes 42,320 176,400 -- 0.013
Fresh 21,830 91,000 0.26 0.007
Saline 20,490 85,400 -- 0.006
Atmosphere 3,095 12,900 0.04 0.001
Swamp Water 2,752 11,470 0.03 0.0008
Rivers 509 2,120 0.006 0.0002
Biological 269 1,120 0.003 0.0001
Water
Total 332,500,000 1,386,000,000 -- 1