show through a diagram how proteins are synthesised by plants
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Protein synthesis and degradation within plant cells and their compartments. Protein synthesis processes are shown by red arrows. Proteins are synthesised by cytosolic ribosome and translocated into the ER or transported into organelles including nucleus, peroxisome, mitochondria and plastids. A small number of proteins are synthesised by mitochondrial and chloroplast ribosome. Secreted proteins, and some chloroplast proteins, are channelled through the ER and Golgi apparatus, where PTMs may occur. Proteins from the Golgi are transported to other sub-cellular locales via transporting vesicles. Protein degradation processes are marked by black arrows. Cytosolic and nuclear proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Compartment-specific proteases degrade organellar proteins. Damaged organelles or excess organelles can be degraded by autophagy. The mTOR pathway is a regulator of the balance between protein synthesis and degradation.