Sinkhole : Groundwater : : U shaped valley :
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Answer:
A sinkhole, also known as a cenote, sink, sink-hole, swallet, swallow hole, or doline (the different terms for sinkholes are often used interchangeably, is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. Most are caused by karst processes – the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks or suffosion processes. Sinkholes vary in size from 1 to 600 m (3.3 to 2,000 ft) both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide.
A Groundwater recharge is an essential hydrologic property that must be considered while determining potential zones for groundwater storage and protection. However, concerns in groundwater assessment are often given to other hydrologic elements, such as the fracture systems and stratigraphic characterizations of the existing lithologies. In Lebanon, karstification is a dominant geomorphologic phenomenon that occurs either on-surface or subsurface, and plays in both cases a major role in the water flow regime and accumulation. Sinkholes are one of the surficial karst features that are widespread landforms in the mountainous regions of Lebanon, notably at higher altitudes, where hard carbonate rocks exist in a region with a high precipitation rate exceeding 1500 mm and covered by snow for more than nine months a year. The regular melting of snow cover results in considerable amounts of surface water that percolate downward into sinkholes and feed the Cenomanian limestone formation, the major groundwater reservoir in Lebanon. This study discusses the formation and geomorphologic orientation of sinkholes, with a special emphasis on the mechanism of groundwater recharge. The study benefits from field observations and testing. It aims, in a broad sense, to focus on the role of sinkholes in recharging groundwater to aquifers in Lebanon, and it highlights the necessity to protect these features from human interference.
Definition: U-shaped valleys form through glacial erosion. Glaciation develops in established v-shaped river valleys where the ice erodes the surrounding rocks to create a “U” shaped valley with a flat bottom and steep sides. Glacier movement is driven by gravity.
Explanation:
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