Question

six semantic number
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Answer 1

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The semantics of numerals'; NILS M. HOLMER ust as arithmetic among the arts and mathematics among the sciences are the most abstract, so the designations of number used in the various anguages are those  which least of al1 words show traces of having at one J time had a concrete meaning. At the same time the art of computation and the science of quantification are least evolved among-or one might say least appealing to-those eprimitiven peoples whose unartifical system of numbers does not extend beyond  the first  digits of our decimal system or even beyond  the first five numbers in a  quinary system or is of a  still more rudimentary type (as among some native tribes in South America or among most of the Australian aborigines). On the other hand, the ability to count is comparatively higher among peoples who employ a decimal system  (Poly- nesians, ancient Peruvians, not to speak of those nations whose civilization is a heritage from the peoples of Mesopotamia and Egypt: Hebrews, Arabs and, finally, Indo-Europeans) or a vigesimal system-in reality  an evolution of the decimal system, although generally more common in  earlier civiliza- tions (Mayans, Mexicans,  etc.). Remnants of a vigesimal system occur, of course, in Europe as well. However, Babylonian numbers,  Greek arithmetic and Arabian Alge- bra, as well as those later specialized branches of mathematics  which constitute the  dominant and characteristic element in our Occidental civilization, are al1 based on and derived from the same crude systems of 'one-two-(three)-many' which we have mentioned as typical of the langua- ges of Australian  tribes  and  which  are also reflected in the triple or quadruple system of grammatical number (singular-dual-trial-plural) cha- racteristic of the pronominal inflection in some Oceanic languages. And vestiges of this primitive  state of things may be discerned in the names of some of the numerals employed in more advanced  civilizations still today. A notably clear exemple of this is the Austronesian numeral 'five', which in most of these languages is identical with the word  for 'hand', corresponding to the number of the five fingers (Malay lima  'hand'   and 'five', etc.);  similarly derived are the Greenlandic tatdlimat 'five' (from taleq, plural tatdlit 'arm') and  the Nahuatl macuilli 'five' ('what is taken in the hand'). Some Indo-European scholars have been inclined to see a relation between the Indo-European word for 'five' (Latin quinque, Greek nÉvt~, Sanskrit pañca, Gothic fimf) and the  Germanic word for 'finger' (Gothic figgus)*, but this connection is less evident although by no means '' Sartryck ur A R S  B O K 1963/1964 utgiven av serninarierna for slaviska sprik, jarnforande sprikforskning och finsk-ugriska sprik vid Lunds Universitet.

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