small paragraph on geographic diversity urgent
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Indigenous Socioeconomic Positioning
While most Indigenous Australians are urban or regional dwellers, and approximately one-quarter reside in remote locations, Indigenous Australians share low socioeconomic positioning. Table 21.1 shows the geographic diversity, yet positional similarities of Perth (urban), Dubbo (regional), and Maningrida (remote). Across locations there are demographic and socioeconomic consistencies for Indigenous Australians: conversely, little similarity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians in the same locations. Indigenous Australians are younger and negatively positioned on socioeconomic indicators; Indigenous home ownership in Perth and Dubbo is half that of non-Indigenous, Indigenous Australians are twice as likely to live in public housing, and overcrowding is at least four times non-Indigenous rates—in Maningrida levels are much starker. Indigenous Australians have comparatively low proportions of Indigenous Australians with postschool qualifications and of youth in full-time education. Similarly, despite record low levels of unemployment generally, Indigenous Australians across locations experience high unemployment and low labor market participation. Indigenous median income across locations is also well below that of the non-Indigenous population. Critically, while overtime data indicate small gains in some areas in relative rather than absolute terms, Indigenous Australia’s level of social and economic disadvantage appears to be static at best (Walter, 2008).
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