Question

Smoking is the major cause of mortality with bronchogenic carcinoma of the lungs and is also one of the
factors causing death due to malignancies of larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas,
stomach and uterine cervix and coronary heart diseases.
Nicotine is the major substance present in the smoke that causes physical dependence. The additives too
produce damage to the body for example, ammonia can result in a 100 fold increase in the ability of nicotine
to enter into the nose. Levulinic acid, added to cigarettes to mask the harsh taste of the nicotine, can increase
the binding of nicotine to brain receptors, which increases the ‘kick’ of nicotine. Smoke from the burning
end of a cigarette contains over 4000 chemicals and 40 carcinogens. It has long been known that tobacco
smoke is carcinogenic or cancer-causing.
The lungs of smokers collect an annual deposit of 1 to 1 ½ pounds of the gooey black material. Invisible gas
of cigarette smoke contains nitrogen, oxygen and toxic gases like carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, acrolein,
hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen oxides. These gases are poisonous and in many cases interfere with the
body’s ability to transport oxygen. Like many carcinogenic compounds, they can act as tumour promoters or
tumour initiators by acting directly on the genetic make-up of cells of the body leading to development of
cancer.
During smoking, within the first 8-10 seconds, nicotine is absorbed through the lungs and quickly ‘moved’
into the bloodstream and circulated throughout the brain. Nicotine can also enter the bloodstream through
the mucous membranes that line the mouth (if tobacco is chewed) or nose (if snuff is used) and even through
the skin. Our brain is made up of billions of nerve cells. They communicate with each other by chemical
messengers called neurotransmitters. Nicotine is one of the most powerful nerve poisons and binds stereo
selectively to nicotine receptors located in the brain; they play a critical role in cognitive processes and
memory.
In high concentrations, nicotine is more deadly. In fact, one drop of purified nicotine on the tongue will kill
a person. It has been used as a pesticide for centuries. Recent researches suggest that acute nicotine
administration would result in increased dopamine release from the brain, producing perception of pleasure
and happiness, increased energy and motivation, increased alertness, increased feeling of vigour during the
early phase of smoking. Abstinence from smoking is essential, not only to avoid this systemic effect but also
to reduce the ill-effects on the environment

Answer 1

Answer:

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Answer 2

Answer:

what does the presence of nicotine in tha smoke cause