social conditions of china 2021
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China emerged as one of the world's first civilizations, in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. China was one of the world's foremost economic powers for most of the two millennia from the 1st until the 19th century.[20] For millennia, China's political system was based on absolute hereditary monarchies, or dynasties, beginning with the Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE. Since then, China has expanded, fractured, and re-unified numerous times. In the 3rd century BCE, the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire. The succeeding Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) saw some of the most advanced technology at that time, including papermaking and the compass, along with agricultural and medical improvements. The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty (618–907) and Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127) completed the Four Great Inventions. Tang culture spread widely in Asia, as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa. The Qing Empire, China's last dynasty, which formed the territorial basis for modern China suffered heavy losses to foreign imperialism. The Chinese monarchy collapsed in 1912 with the 1911 Revolution, when the Republic of China (ROC) replaced the Qing dynasty. China was invaded by the Empire of Japan during World War II. The Chinese Civil War resulted in a division of territory in 1949 when the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) led by Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China on mainland China while the Kuomintang-led ROC government retreated to the island of Taiwan.[m] Both the PRC and the ROC currently claim to be the sole legitimate government of China, resulting in an ongoing dispute even after the United Nations recognized the PRC as the government to represent China at all UN conferences in 1971.
The past decade witnessed an apparent progress of social policy intervention, however, institutional constraints and contained effects in the domain of social policy has ostensibly marked China’s ‘soft power deficit as a deeper problem. In October, 2017, President Xi declared that China has smoothly moved toward a new era of building socialism with Chinese characteristics at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Among its sobering missions of the Party, continuously raising its state capacity of meeting the escalating social expectation of improving the quality of life has become a focal point of social policy intervention in the forthcoming years and beyond. Within the 13th Five Year Plan (2016-2020), China will achieve its goal of creating a better-off society and substantially increase the income level for all citizens in the country. Before that, winning the war on poverty reduction in the country is a must to fulfill its goal. And how can the government re-adapt itself to a new challenging environment of a turbulent global economy and address social problems in shifting state-society relations is also desirable. The year of 2021 will be crucial both for the Party and the country because it will witness the centennial founding ceremony of the Communist Party of China and the beginning of the 14th Five-year Plan (2021-2025).
Social policy is somehow a by-product of economic growth that can be used as a rational instrument to solve social problems and maintain social order.