Question

soil resources and water mangement resources presentation
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Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

1. SOIL AND WATER CO NSERVATION METHO DS IN AGRICULTURE PRESENTED BY: VAISHALI SHARMA B.Sc (Ag.) IVth year BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY AGR-411(0+4)

2. CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. OBJECTIVES OF SOIL CONSERVATION 3. METHODS OF SOIL CONSERVATION 4. WATER CONSERVATION 5. METHODS OF WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES 6. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

3. INTRODUCTION  Conservation of soil and water resources is i mportant for sustainability of agriculture and environment.  Soil and water resources are being det eriorated due to different anthropogeni c and natural factors  Soil erosion is one of the several major deteriorative processes which results i n deterioration of the soil  Different control measures should be a dopted to protect the soil resources ag ainst erosion.  Conservation of soil and water resources is i mportant for sustainability of agriculture and environment.  Soil and water resources are being det eriorated due to different anthropogeni c and natural factors  Soil erosion is one of the several major deteriorative processes which results i n deterioration of the soil  Different control measures should be a dopted to protect the soil resources ag ainst erosion.

4. SOIL EROSION Soil is washed by off rain, runoff water or waves, blown b y wind. FORMS OF EROSION I. Normal II. Accelerated soil detachment movement deposition

5. AGENTS AND PROCESS OF EROSION Agents of soil erosion I. Sheet erosion II. Rill erosion III.Gully erosion IV.Slip erosion V. Stream bank erosion I. Saltation(1-1.5 mm) II. Suspension (less than 1 mm ) III.Surface creep(larger then 0.5-3 mm ) Water Wind

6. SOIL CONSERVATION Soil conservation is using and managing land base d on capabilities of the land itself, involving the appl ication of the best practices to result in greatest pro fitable production without damaging the land. This is accomplished by: (1) Land use based on capabilities (2) Conservation of soil & moisture to avoid damage t o the soil (3) Use of the best soil and crop management practice s, correction of acidity, alkalinity and drainage etc.

7. OBJECTIVES OF SOIL CO NSERVATION 1. Promotion of proper land use 2. Prevention of Soil erosion and restoration of the fertility of eroded l and 3. Maintenance of soil fertility 4. Reduction of water runoff and regulation of water resources 5. Prevention of water pollution caused by carried off soil and debris 6. Enforcement of safe drainage and irrigation on slope land 7. Prevention of wind erosion.

8. Measures to prevent erosion may b e broadly grouped as: Mechanical Agronomic Forestry and Agrostological measures

9. Physical/ mechanical process- 1. Bunding: a.Block bunding: I. constructed of earth or stone or both, to i mpound water and II. arrest soil washed from the fields lying abo ve.

10. b. Contour bunding: I. In areas with less than 1,500 mm rai nfall II. up to 6 percent slope of land.

11. c. Graded bunding: I.  In high rainfall areas for avoiding waterlogg ed condition of soil. II.6 to 8 per cent slopes III.Grassed waterways for outlet D.Gully or nala control:

12. Terraces: earthen embankments at right angle to the steepest slopes I. Bench Terraces: a.slope ranging from 16 to 33 percent b.recommended on steeper slopes II. Zing terracing: c.with 3 to 10 percents d.medium to deep soils e.moderate to high rainfall areas

13. Vegetative barriers:  Perennial with stiff stems  Resume growth  Rhizomatous growth characters  E.g. switch grass (Panicum virgatum) gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) Grassed waterways: E.g. rhizomatous grasses i.e. Panicum repens, Brachi aria mutica, Cynodon dactylon, Paspalum notatum i. spread very quickly ii. protection to the channel

14. Agriculture practices I. Strip cropping: II. Mulching: III. Rotation of crops: IV. Contour cultivation: V. Planting of grasses for stabilizing bunds:  VI. Planting of trees and aforestation:

15. Agrostological measures: Ley farming: Grasses: improve soil structure, infiltration, important fodder crops Palatable and High yielding grasses : Pennise tum purpureum, Setaria sphacelata Forestry measures:

16. WATER CONSERVATION Efficient management to reduce evaporation and to make water available when and where needed. Objectives of Water Conservation and Management Improve availability of water for plant use Hydropower generation Irrigation

17. METHODS OF WATER CONSERVATION P RACTICES  Water resources development I. Collection and storage of surface water II. Recharge of ground water The above can be achieved by building (i) dams, (ii) Water harve st system (iii) Ponds (iv) Watershed  Flood Control: Canals, Weirs, dams etc.  Moisture Conservation Practices III. Tillage Operation: IV. Mulching V. Conservation tillage VI. Crop rotation

18. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATIO N 1) Topography: 2) Soil Characteristics: 3) Soil moisture: 4) Vegetation: 5) Human Behavior and animals: