solar constant on earth is 1.36*10^3 Wm^-2. if mars is at a distance of 1.52 AU from the sun, calculate the solar constant of mars applying Steffans law
Answers
Yes, Craters on Mars are made due to asteroid impacts and there are thousands of these on Mars. But it does not mean that Mars is getting hit by large asteroid very frequently.
Atmosphere of the Mars is very thin. So, even a small asteroids are able to reach the surface unlike earth where they get burnt. Again, it has no water and tectonic activities. So, erosion rate of these craters are negligible. So, these craters live for millions or billions of years.
Mars is nearer to the asteroid belt, but it increases the probability of getting hit by a meteorite only 3 to 4 times relative to the earth. Our small moon also have few thousand craters, but if we look for the youngest of them it is Bruno crater which dates back from twelfth century. So, no new craters on moon in last 800-900 years. Zumba crater on Mars is treated as one of the youngest crater and it is approx. 5 million years old.
According to planetary scientists "About 3.9 billion years ago, just 600 million years or so after the solar system formed, asteroids as large as the state of Kansas rained down on Earth and the other rocky planets, dramatically reshaping their surfaces. This period is known as the Late Heavy Bombardment." And, most of the craters we see on these planets are from that period.
With the existing technologies we are able to predict any probable meteorite impact on the Earth years ahead. So, after human settlement, if some asteroid impact is predicted on Mars, evacuation plan can be made and executed easily.
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matters are made up of atoms. Then ask the next question, "What are atoms?"
Atoms are the smallest part of an element. They are composed of nucleus and electrons, electrons surround nucleus. Elements are identified by the number of electrons in orbit around nucleus of atoms and by the number of protons in nucleus.
Understanding Electricity - What is electricity?, Current, Voltage and Resistance, How to measure current, voltage and resistance, How electricity works
Nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, and the number of protons and neutrons are balanced. Neutrons have no electric charge, protons have positive charges (+) and electrons have negative charges (-). A positive charge of proton equals a negative charge of electron.
Electrons are bound in their orbit by attraction of protons, but electrons in the outer band can become free of their orbit by some external forces. These are referred to as free electrons, which move from one atom to the next, electron flows are produced. These are the basis of electricity. Materials that allow many electrons to move freely are called conductors and materials that allow few free electrons to move are called insulators.
All matters are made up of atoms that have electric charges. Therefore, they have electric charges. For the matter that has a balanced the number of protons and electrons, positive charge force and negative charge force are balanced. It is called neutral state of an atom. (The number of protons and electrons remains equal.)