Solutions for the stagnation of rural areas
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The occurrence of these problems and challenges not only impose detrimental effects upon the living conditions of the individuals, but also impose barriers within the course of their progression. The major problems that have been identified are, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, homelessness and crime and violence.
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The report also invokes the principle that “to will the ends is to will the means” in calling for donors to meet their long-standing commitment to provide 0.7 per cent of their gross national income in development aid. This will allow donors to make allocations in line with the LDC share of global needs to meet the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals, and which would amount to a six-fold increase in aid to LDCs by 2030.
“In many least developed countries, migration is triggered by rural poverty, reflecting the lack of economic opportunities to earn even a minimally adequate income,” UNCTAD Secretary-General Mukhisa Kituyi said when launching the report. He added: “There can be no sustainable solution to the migration crisis without a poverty eradication-oriented approach to transforming rural economies in these countries.”
Poverty-driven rural–urban migration fuels excessive rates of urbanization in many LDCs. Further, many international migrants come from rural areas – either directly or after first migrating to towns and cities in their own countries. The report’s recommendations aspire to slow this process by focusing on rural development, which emphasizes poverty reduction and thus seeks to “create the conditions for a rural–urban migration process driven primarily by choice rather than necessity”.
Rural development is also critical to the Sustainable Development Goals, which aim to “leave no one behind”. The first Goal aims to end poverty in all forms by 2030. More than two thirds of people in LDCs live in rural areas, where poverty is twice as widespread as in towns and cities. The report indicates that the Goal of poverty eradication will require a doubling of the so-called “global consumption floor” (which is the estimated income per person in the poorest households in the world) in just 15 years, while it has been stagnating for 20–30 years (figure 1). Shortfalls in rural areas are also much wider for other Goals such as universal access to water, sanitation, electricity and education. Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals in rural areas of LDCs will require a “quantum leap” in the rate of infrastructure investment: more than twice as many people would have to gain access to water each year than was the case in 2011–2012, four times as many to electricity, and six times as many to sanitation (figure 2).