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1.The major components of the environment are hydrosphere,lithosphere,atmosphere and biosphere.

•Hydrosphere is the layer where water bodies like oceans,lakes ,seas are found. Without this layer human life can't survive.

•Lithosphere is the layer of soil particles. The lithosphere consists of many minerals and ores. The lithosphere is divided into 3 parts. They are

• crust
• mantle
• core

•Crust: The crust is the top most layer of the lithosphere which consists of minerals like sodium etc.

•Mantle:The mantle is the middle layer and ranges till 5000km to the core.

•Core:The core is the inner part and is the hottest part of the lithosphere.

•Biosphere is the layer where living organisms and non living organisms live.

•Atmosphere is the layer that covers the earth and acts and envelope to the earth. It has 5 parts. They are troposphere, me so sphere, ionosphere, stratosphere and exosphere.

These are the components of the environment.

2.Sima:The material of the lower part of the earth's crust and both the ocean and the continents,which heavy and rich in silica and magnesia.

In geology, sima is the name for the lower layer of the Earth's crust. This layer is made of rocks rich in magnesium silicate minerals. Typically when the sima comes to the surface it is basal. The sima layer is also called the 'basal crust'because it is the lowest layer of the crust. Because the ocean floors are mainly sima, it is also sometimes called the 'oceanic crust'.

Sial:In geology, the term 'sial' refers to the composition of the upper layer of the Earth's crust, namely rocks rich in silicates and aluminium minerals. "sial" is a geochemical term rather than a plate tectonic term. As these elements are less dense than the majority of the earth's elements, they tend to be concentrated in the upper layer of the crust.

The uppermost layer of the crust is called sial consisting of silicate and Aluminium (Si =silicate, Al= aluminium). On an average, the thickness of sial is till 25 km from the surface. The continents are composed mainly of lighter Rock material formed from silicon and Aluminium, so the sial Is thick over the continents and very thin or absent on the ocean floor.

3.Distribution of water in southern and northern hemispheres:

Northern hemisphere :

The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator.

Its surface is 60.7% water, and contains 67.3%of land.

Southern hemisphere:

The southern hemisphere is The Southern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is south of the Equator. It contains all or parts of five continents four oceans and most of the Pacific Islands in Oceania. Its surface is 80.9% and it contains 32.7% of Earth's land.

4.Four spheres of environment :

• atmosphere - air containing layer
• biosphere-abiotic and biotic components
• lithosphere-land
• hydrosphere -water

5.Atmosphere:

Earth's atmosphere consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and 0.03% carbon dioxide with very small percentages of other elements and also also contains water vapor.

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