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Ans 15
Reasons for Non-Cooperation Movement slow down in cities:
Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mill cloth.
Poor people could not afford to buy Khadi cloth.
Boycott of British institutions also posed a problem. Alternative Indian institutions were not set up.
So, the students and teachers began trickling back to schools.
Lawyers also joined back work in courts.
Ans 14
The Non-Cooperation movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power; something that usually only Brahmans had access to.
The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
Ans 13
The most prominent social groups were:
(i) The Congress
(ii) Student and Teachers
(iii) Traders and Merchants
Ans 16
They adopted the methods of guerilla warfare.
-They attacked government institutions and offices
-Although their leader (Alluri Sitaram Raju) was very much inspired by Gandhiji's idea of swaraj and also instructed them to adopt it but he claimed that India could only gain independence by adopting the measures of violence.
Ans 17
The Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside. The following points state its spread:
(i) In Awadh, peasants under the leadership of Baba Ram Chandra revolted against the talukdars and the landlords who demanded very high rent and different taxes from them. The peasant demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. In many places, local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.
(ii) In the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, a Militant Guerrilla Movement spread. The colonial government had closed large forest areas which affected the livelihood of the forest people. When the government forced them to contribute begar or free labour, they revolted. Alluri Sitaram Raju inspired by Gandhiji’s ideals came to lead them and the Gudem rebels attacked police stations and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.
Ans 19
The development which led to the launching of the Non-Cooperation movement was: was successful in launching the Satyagraha movement in all the places. In 1915, the agitation movement was started to protest against the British government not to abolish
Ans 18
The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj.
1) Under Inland Emigration Act, the workers were not allowed to move out of tea gardens without permission; they weren't given permission at all
2) Swaraj for workers meant moving in and out of the place they were confined and re linking to their villages where they were born.
3) When Non-cooperation movement started thousands of workers violated the act and fled away from the tea gardens.
4) They believed Gandhiraj was coming and everyone will be given land in their villages.
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