Some benefits of Mahalwari and ryotwari system
Answers
Answer:
The Ryotwari system was one of the main systems of
collecting revenue during the British rule in India. It was introduced in 1820
by Sir Thomas Munro and Captain Alexander Read.
Advantages
1. There were no middlemen. The tax was collected directly
from the ryots or cultivators.
2. The ryot was the owner of the land he cultivated.
3. He could transfer, sell or mortgage his property.
4. He could not be ejected from his land as long as he paid
the revenue.
5. Remissions of assessment were granted during unfavourable
seasons.
6. The assessment was fixed in money and it did not change
every year.
Disadvantages
1. The rate of taxation was quite high.
2. The tax was not based on the actual revenues from the
produce of the land. It was based on an estimate of the potential of the soil.
3. In some cases the tax was more than 50% of the gross revenue.
4. The tax had to be paid in cash this exposed the
cultivators to the demands of the moneylenders when crops failed
Mahalwari system:
This system was devised by Holt Mackenzie in 1822.Under this system the revenue was collected from the village , generated from the village land which was collectively owned by the village community.The village headman was responsiblefor collecting revenue who then paid it to the company collectorsThe system was introduced in North Western frontier provinces of the Bengal Presidency.
• Advantages:
a.The amount of revenue was not fixed.
b.The amount was revised periodically depending on the net produce.
• Disadvantages:
a.The amount of revenue was too high burdening the villagers
Explanation:
Answer:
Ryotwari system¥¥¥¥¥¥
This system of land revenue was instituted in the late 18th century by Sir Thomas Munro, Governor of Madras in 1820.
This was practised in the Madras and Bombay areas, as well as Assam and Coorg provinces.
In this system, the peasants or cultivators were regarded as the owners of the land. They had ownership rights, could sell, mortgage or gift the land.
The taxes were directly collected by the government from the peasants.
The rates were 50% in dryland and 60% in the wetland.
The rates were high and unlike in the Permanent System, they were open to being increased.
If they failed to pay the taxes, they were evicted by the government.
Ryot means peasant cultivators.
Here there were no middlemen as in the Zamindari system. But, since high taxes had to be paid only in cash (no option of paying in kind as before the British) the problem of moneylenders came into the show. They further burdened the peasants with heavy interests.
Mahalwari system¥¥¥¥¥¥
The government of Lord William Bentinck, Governor-General of India (1828 to 1835) introduced the Mahalwari system of land revenue in 1833.
This system was introduced in North-West Frontier, Agra, Central Province, Gangetic Valley, Punjab, etc.
This had elements of both the Zamindari and the Ryotwari systems.
This system divided the land into Mahals. Sometimes, a Mahal was constituted by one or more villages.
Tax was assessed on the Mahal.
Each individual farmer gave his share.
Here also, ownership rights were with the peasants.
Revenue was collected by the village headman or village leaders (lambardar).
It introduced the concept of average rents for different soil classes.
The state share of the revenue was 66% of the rental value. The settlement was agreed upon for 30 years.
This system was called the Modified Zamindari system because the village headman became virtually a Zamindar.