“Some tissues of Heart, Kidney and Gastro Intestinal tract produce Hormones”.
Substantiate the statement by naming the hormones produced by them.
Answers
Answer:
CONTROL BY ANTI NATRIURETIC FACTOR (ANF) - DEFINITION
A peptide called Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF), opposes the regulation by RAAS.
The walls of the atria of the heart release ANF in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure.
ANF inhibits the release of renin from the JGA, and thereby inhibits NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct and reduces aldosterone release from adrenal gland.
Thus ADH, RAAS and ANF provide an elaborate system of checks and balance that regulate the kidney functioning, to control body osmolarity, salt concentrations, blood pressure and blood volume.
HORMONES OF THE STOMACH - DEFINITION
The 'G' cells of the stomach secrete the hormone called gastrin.
The stimuli for gastrin production include; ingestion of meal, distention (swelling/enlargement) of stomach and products of protein digestion.
It has 2 main functions; stimulation of gastric acid secretion and stimulation of growth of the gastric mucosa.
HORMONES OF THE SMALL INTESTINE - DEFINITION
The small intestine secretes 4 hormones; cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and Motilin.
While Cholecystokinin and secretin are secreted by all the three parts of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), GIP and motilin is secreted by only duodenum and jejunum.
Cholecystokinin is produced by the 'I' cells, 'S' cells produce secretin, GIP is formed by the 'K' cells and the 'M' cells secrete motilin
These hormones are secreted as a result of various stimuli like protein, fat, carbohydrate and acid in the intestine.
Cholecystokinin
Stimulates pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion
Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder
Also stimulates the growth of the exocrine pancreas
It inhibits gastric emptying (entry of food into intestine by emptying stomach)
Secretin
It stimulates pepsin secretion from stomach and bicarbonate secretion from both pancreas and gallbladder
Also promotes the growth of exocrine pancreas.
It inhibits gastric acid secretion.
GIP
Stimulates release of insulin from pancreas
Inhibits gastric acid secretion
Motilin
It is involved in the motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
HORMONES OF THE KIDNEYS - DEFINITION
The kidneys secrete 3 different types of hormones; erythropoietin, renin and calcitriol (1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol).
Erythropoietin and renin are peptide hormones secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney
Calcitriol is a steroid hormone synthesized by the cells of the proximal tubules of the nephrons.
Erythropoietin
Its production is stimulated by hypoxia (insufficient oxygen supply to the tissues)
It stimulates the formation of RBC from the haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
Renin
Decreased blood pressure, low sodium levels are the stimuli for the production of renin from the kidney.
The renin secreted has enzymatic activity and is an important part of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
The RAAS plays an important role in regulating the cardiac output and arterial pressure.
The main function of renin in the RAAS system is the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (proteolytic activity).
Calcitriol (1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol)
It is the active form of vitamin D.
It stimulates the formation of calcium-binding protein thereby increasing the intestinal absorption of calcium.
Thus, it plays an important role in the mineralization of the bone (bone formation)
GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONE - DEFINITION
Certain cells of the mucosa of the stomach and intestine secrete important hormones.
Stomach
Gastrin
Intestine
Secretin
Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin
Gastric inhibitory peptide GIP
Duocrinin
Enterocrinin
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Villikinin
Somatostatin
Pancreatic polypeptide
HORMONES RELEASED BY KIDNEY - DEFINITION
The kidneys secrete three hormones:
Renin
Erythropoietin
Calcitriol
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Answer:
CONTROL BY ANTI NATRIURETIC FACTOR (ANF) - DEFINITION
- A peptide called Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF), opposes the regulation by RAAS.
- The walls of the atria of the heart release ANF in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure.
- ANF inhibits the release of renin from the JGA, and thereby inhibits NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct and reduces aldosterone release from adrenal gland.
- Thus ADH, RAAS and ANF provide an elaborate system of checks and balance that regulate the kidney functioning, to control body osmolarity, salt concentrations, blood pressure and blood volume.
HORMONES OF THE STOMACH - DEFINITION
- The 'G' cells of the stomach secrete the hormone called gastrin.
- The stimuli for gastrin production include; ingestion of meal, distention (swelling/enlargement) of stomach and products of protein digestion.
- It has 2 main functions; stimulation of gastric acid secretion and stimulation of growth of the gastric mucosa.
HORMONES OF THE SMALL INTESTINE - DEFINITION
- The small intestine secretes 4 hormones; cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and Motilin.
- While Cholecystokinin and secretin are secreted by all the three parts of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), GIP and motilin is secreted by only duodenum and jejunum.
- Cholecystokinin is produced by the 'I' cells, 'S' cells produce secretin, GIP is formed by the 'K' cells and the 'M' cells secrete motilin
- These hormones are secreted as a result of various stimuli like protein, fat, carbohydrate and acid in the intestine.
- Cholecystokinin
- Stimulates pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion
- Stimulates contraction of the gallbladder
- Also stimulates the growth of the exocrine pancreas
- It inhibits gastric emptying (entry of food into intestine by emptying stomach)
- Secretin
- It stimulates pepsin secretion from stomach and bicarbonate secretion from both pancreas and gallbladder
- Also promotes the growth of exocrine pancreas.
- It inhibits gastric acid secretion.
- GIP
- Stimulates release of insulin from pancreas
- Inhibits gastric acid secretion
- Motilin
- It is involved in the motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
HORMONES OF THE KIDNEYS - DEFINITION
- The kidneys secrete 3 different types of hormones; erythropoietin, renin and calcitriol (1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol).
- Erythropoietin and renin are peptide hormones secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney
- Calcitriol is a steroid hormone synthesized by the cells of the proximal tubules of the nephrons.
- Erythropoietin
- Its production is stimulated by hypoxia (insufficient oxygen supply to the tissues)
- It stimulates the formation of RBC from the haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
- Renin
- Decreased blood pressure, low sodium levels are the stimuli for the production of renin from the kidney.
- The renin secreted has enzymatic activity and is an important part of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
- The RAAS plays an important role in regulating the cardiac output and arterial pressure.
- The main function of renin in the RAAS system is the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (proteolytic activity).
- Calcitriol (1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol)
- It is the active form of vitamin D.
- It stimulates the formation of calcium-binding protein thereby increasing the intestinal absorption of calcium.
- Thus, it plays an important role in the mineralization of the bone (bone formation)
- GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONE - DEFINITION
- Certain cells of the mucosa of the stomach and intestine secrete important hormones.
- Stomach
- Gastrin
- Intestine
- Secretin
- Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin
- Gastric inhibitory peptide GIP
- Duocrinin
- Enterocrinin
- Vasoactive intestinal peptide
- Villikinin
- Somatostatin
- Pancreatic polypeptide
HORMONES RELEASED BY KIDNEY - DEFINITION
The kidneys secrete three hormones:
- Renin
- Erythropoietin
- Calcitriol