Source A — Industrial Society and Social Change
Liberals and radicals themselves were often property owners and employers. Having made
their wealth through trade or industrial ventures, they felt that such effort should be
encouraged — that its benefits would be achieved if the workforce in the economy was
healthy and citizens were educated. Opposed to the privileges the old aristocracy had by
birth, they firmly believed in the value of individual effort, labour and enterprise.
Source C — The Civil War
‘The Kirghiz welcomed the first revolution (i.e.February Revolution) with joy and the second
revolution with consternation and terror ... [This] first revolution freed them from the
oppression of the Tsarist regime and strengthened their hope that ... autonomy would berealised. The second revolution (October Revolution) was accompanied by violence,
pillage, taxes and the establishment of dictatorial power ... Once a small group of Tsarist
bureaucrats oppressed the Kirghiz. Now the same group of people ... perpetuate the same
regime ... Kazakh leader in 1919, quoted in Alexander Bennigsen and Chantal Quelquejay,
Les Mouvements Nationaux chez les Musulmans de Russie, (1960).
8(1) Who were the property owners? How did they want to develop societies?
8(2) How was the second revolution accomplished in Russia?
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Answer:
Source A — Industrial Society and Social Change Liberals and radicals themselves were often property owners and employers. Having made their wealth through trade or industrial ventures, they felt that such effort should be encouraged — that its benefits would be achieved if the workforce in the economy was healthy and citizens were educated. Opposed to the privileges the old aristocracy had by birth, they firmly believed in the value of individual effort, labour and enterprise.
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The Age of Social Change
The Russian Revolution
In the nineteenth century, there were some political changes which mark the beginning of change. In this French revolution came into picture which dramatically changed the social structure. People start debating over French Revolution Structure in