Space time hirarchy of environmental problems
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Answer:
In most of the studies, the focus was given to the effect of the distribution in the vertical of the sampling points (Bjorkegren et al., 2015;Yang et al., 1999Yang et al., , 2007Wang et al., 2016), with only a few notable efforts to investigate the effect of the sampling frequency (Finnigan, 2006;Heinesch et al., 2007). Only recently, and possibly motivated by the discussion leading to the formalization of the ICOS storage protocol, some new concepts were experimentally tested, like the relevance of horizontally distributed air sampling points (Nicolini et al., 2018) or were theoretically approached, such as the definition of the representative control volume (Metzger et al., 2018;Xu et al., 2018a).
Answer. Space-time scope diagram for a hierarchy of environmental observations in relation to two principal approaches for scaling to an information continuum: Environmental response function virtual control volume (ERF-VCV) and earth system model (ESM).