speech on:-
effect of achievement
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Answer:
Theorists argue that we acquire basic values and attitudes needed for educational success through primary socialisation in the family. However many working class families fail to socialise their children adequately, as a result they develop culturally deprived. There are three main aspects of cultural deprivation : Intellectual development, attitudes and language.
The first of which is labelling, to label someone is to attach a meaning or – definition to them. Teachers may label someone as intelligent or troublesome. Studies show that teachers attach labels based more on class rather than on actual ability, and attach negative labels to working class and positive to middle class Evidence shows that labeling occurs both in high and primary school. Becker carried out an internationalist study of labeling. After interviewing 60 high school teachers he found that they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted an image of the “ideal pupil”. The teachers often saw middle class students as the closest to ideal and working class children as furthest away. Further studies looked at school counselors; they found that counselors judge students on the basis on their social class and race. Middle class students were labeled as having more potential and higher level .
Streaming involves separating children into different ability groups called streams. Each group is taught separately based on their ability. This is likely to have an effect on working class students achievement as teachers see them as less able and poorly behaved so are placed in lower streams. Once in lower streams its hard for them to achieve high grades as they do not have access to higher exam papers. Middle class tend to be placed in high sets and so have greater self esteem and more motivation to succeed.
Pupil subcultures refer to a group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns. They often emerge as a response to labels and streams. Pro school subcultures tend to have a positive attitude to schooland respect school values. Anti school subcultures tend to be those placed in low streams and blame school for their low self esteem. They gain status by rebelling against school values and norms. This is likely to lead to educational failure.
The final in school process leading to class difference comes courtesy of marketisation. Since schools receive funding per student and have to publish leaguer table results, schools are under pressure to compete with other schools. As a result popular outstanding schools can select which students they enrol these tend to be middle class students and thus exam results are stronger. Working class students thus have no choice but to join unpopular failing schools with poor results. This leads to a cycle of poor results for working class students
Schools operate within a wider education system whose polices directly affect the processes to produce class differences in achievement. These polices include marketisation. Markestisation has bought in a funding formula that gives school funding per student, exam league tables ranking each school according to exam performance and competition amongst schools to attract pupils.
Will Bartlett argued that marketisation leads to popular schools cream skimming (selecting higher ability students) and slit shifting (off loading pupils with learning difficulties with poor results).
Some schools have responded to marketisation by creating a traditional image to attract middle class parents which has reinforced class differences. Walford looked at city technology colleges and found that they were intended to provide vocational education in partnership with employers and recruit pupils from all social backgrounds however they tend to only attract middle class parents as they are seen as an alternative to grammar schools
There is evidence that marketisation has produced polarized education system with popular well funded schools having only middle class students on one extreme and deprived failing schools with only working class. A similar pattern is found in sixth form as the top highly selective sixth forms attract middle class students providing academic courses leading to university and professional careers. While working class tend to attend colleges catering for vocational courses and low level courses and reduced future success